British Troops in Egypt in World War I

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  • Two battalions of the 32nd (Imperial Service) Brigade were deployed north of Lake Timsah to Ballah in Sector II commanded by Brigadier General H.D. Watson with the New Zealand Infantry Brigade and the Otago and Wellington Battalions reinforcing Sector I.
  • By January 1915, the British had assembled some 70,000 troops in Egypt to protect their strategic interests. Major-General Sir John Maxwell was the commander-in-chief, leading British Indian Army divisions, the 42nd Division, local formations, and the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps.
  • The Ottomans had limited routes to reach the Suez Canal through the Sinai Peninsula. The Bavarian Colonel Kress von Kressenstein planned an attack with divisions and contingents from various Muslim communities in southern Palestine.
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Two battalions of the 32nd (Imperial Service) Brigade were deployed north of Lake Timsah to Ballah in Sector II commanded by Brigadier General H.D. Watson with the New Zealand Infantry Brigade and the Otago and Wellington Battalions reinforcing Sector I. To protect their strategic interests, by January 1915 the British had assembled some 70,000 troops in Egypt. Major-General Sir John Maxwell, a veteran of Egypt and Sudan, was commander-in-chief and led mostly British Indian Army divisions, together with the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division, local formations and the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. 30,000 of the troops stationed in Egypt manned defences along the Suez Canal. The Ottomans had only three available routes to reach the Suez Canal through the road-less and waterless Sinai Peninsula. A coastal advance that would have water supplies and usable tracks, but would be within range of Royal Navy warships. A central route from Beersheba to Ismailia or a southern track between El Kossaima and the Suez Canal.[citation needed] The central route was chosen as it would provide the Ottoman soldiers with proper tracks to follow once they crossed the canal.[citation needed]The Bavarian Colonel Kress von Kressenstein had been appointed Chief of Staff of the VIII Corps, Fourth Army on arrival from Constantinople on 18 November 1914. The VIII Corps comprised five infantry divisions, the 8th, 10th, 23rd, 25th, and 27th with contingents from Sinai Bedouins, Druzes, Kurds, Mohadjirs, Circassians from Syria and Arabs. These Muslim contingents were to foment revolt against the British in Egypt. In January 1915 Kress von Kressenstein's force concentrated 20,000 men in southern Palestine with nine field batteries and one battery of 5.9 inch (15 cm) howitzers. This force which was to cross the Sinai comprised the 10th Infantry Division and a cavalry regiment and the first echelon of about 13,000 infantrymen including the 23rd, 25th and 27th Divisions with 1,500 Arabs and eight batteries of field artillery. A second echelon of 12,000 infantrymen was made up of 20th and 23rd Divisions. The plan was for a single infantry division to capture Ismailia and cross the canal before being reinforced by a second infantry division which would be supported on the east bank of the canal by two additional divisions. A further division would be available to reinforce the bridgehead on the west bank of the Suez Canal.

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＞Two battalions of the 32nd (Imperial Service) Brigade were deployed north of Lake Timsah to Ballah in Sector II commanded by Brigadier General H.D. Watson with the New Zealand Infantry Brigade and the Otago and Wellington Battalions reinforcing Sector I. ⇒第32旅団（帝国奉仕軍）の2個大隊が、ニュージーランド歩兵旅団やオタゴ大隊およびウェリントン大隊とともに、准将H.D.ワトソンの指揮で第II地区のティムサ湖北のバラに配備され、第I地区を補強した。 ＞To protect their strategic interests, by January 1915 the British had assembled some 70,000 troops in Egypt. Major-General Sir John Maxwell, a veteran of Egypt and Sudan, was commander-in-chief and led mostly British Indian Army divisions, together with the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division, local formations and the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. 30,000 of the troops stationed in Egypt manned defences along the Suez Canal. The Ottomans had only three available routes to reach the Suez Canal through the road-less and waterless Sinai Peninsula. ⇒英国軍は、自らの戦略的利益を守るために1915年1月までにエジプトに約7万人の部隊を集めた。エジプト・スーダンの老練兵ジョン・マクスウェル少将は参謀司令官として主たる英国のインド方面軍師団に加えて、第42（東ランカシャー）師団、地元の編成隊、オーストラリアおよびニュージーランド方面軍軍団を率いていた。エジプトに駐留している3万人の軍隊がスエズ運河沿いの防御隊として布陣した。オスマン軍にとっては、道路がなく水もないシナイ半島を通ってスエズ運河に到達するために利用できるルートは3本しかなかった。 ＞A coastal advance that would have water supplies and usable tracks, but would be within range of Royal Navy warships. A central route from Beersheba to Ismailia or a southern track between El Kossaima and the Suez Canal.[citation needed] The central route was chosen as it would provide the Ottoman soldiers with proper tracks to follow once they crossed the canal. [citation needed] The Bavarian Colonel Kress von Kressenstein had been appointed Chief of Staff of the VIII Corps, Fourth Army on arrival from Constantinople on 18 November 1914. ⇒沿岸を前進するには、給水と使用可能な軌道はあるが、それは英国海軍の軍艦の射程内にあった。（ほかには）ベールシェバからイスマイリアへの中央ルート、あるいはエル・コサイマとスエズ運河の間の南側の線路（があった）。〔要出典〕中央ルートには、オスマン軍の兵士が運河を渡った後たどるのに適切な道筋があるので、それが選択された。〔要出典〕バイエルンのクレス・フォン・クレッセンシュタイン大佐は、1914年11月18日にコンスタンティノープルから到着した第4方面軍、第VIII軍団の参謀長に任命された。 ＞The VIII Corps comprised five infantry divisions, the 8th, 10th, 23rd, 25th, and 27th with contingents from Sinai Bedouins, Druzes, Kurds, Mohadjirs, Circassians from Syria and Arabs. These Muslim contingents were to foment revolt against the British in Egypt. In January 1915 Kress von Kressenstein's force concentrated 20,000 men in southern Palestine with nine field batteries and one battery of 5.9 inch (15 cm) howitzers. ⇒第VIII軍団は、シナイ・ベドウィン人、ドルーズ人、クルド人、モハジール人、およびシリアとアラブからのチェルケス人の歩兵5個師団からなっていた。これらイスラム教徒の部隊は、英国人に対するエジプトの反乱を助長することになった。1915年1月、クレス・フォン・クレッセンシュタイン軍はパレスチナ南部に2万人の兵士を集結させ、野戦砲兵9個中隊と5.9インチ（15センチ）榴弾砲の砲兵隊1個中隊を使った。 ＞This force which was to cross the Sinai comprised the 10th Infantry Division and a cavalry regiment and the first echelon of about 13,000 infantrymen including the 23rd, 25th and 27th Divisions with 1,500 Arabs and eight batteries of field artillery. A second echelon of 12,000 infantrymen was made up of 20th and 23rd Divisions. The plan was for a single infantry division to capture Ismailia and cross the canal before being reinforced by a second infantry division which would be supported on the east bank of the canal by two additional divisions. A further division would be available to reinforce the bridgehead on the west bank of the Suez Canal. ⇒シナイを横断するこの軍団は、第10歩兵師団、騎兵1個連隊、および1500人のアラブ人と野戦砲兵隊8個中隊を擁する第23、第25、第27師団を含む約13,000人の歩兵隊の第1梯形編成軍で構成されていた。12,000人の歩兵の第2梯形編成軍は、第20および第23師団で構成されていた。計画では、1個歩兵師団が単独でイスマイリアを攻略し、運河を横断してから第2歩兵師団によって補強され、運河の東岸でさらに追加される2個師団によって支援を受けることとした。スエズ運河の西岸の橋頭堡を補強するため、さらに別の師団が利用可能になるだろう。

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    Subsequently, Ottoman advance troops and outposts were maintained on the Sinai peninsula on a line between El Arish and Nekhl, with forces at Gaza and Beersheba. During the next few months Kress von Kressenstein commanded mobile units and launched a series of raids and attacks in an attempt to disrupt traffic on the Suez Canal. Colonel Kress von Kressenstein did all he could to keep the British occupied, launching an attack on 8 April 1915 when a mine was placed in the Suez Canal, which was located and disabled by a patrol, and between 5 and 13 May 1915 he personally led a charge. During the Gallipoli Campaign these tactics were abandoned. Von Kressenstein also demanded German special forces, which were promised to arrive in February 1916, to prepare another expedition against the Canal. He moved to the headquarters of the Fourth Army in Ain Sofar in August, then to the new headquarters in Jerusalem, and waited for the German specialists. However, the Ottoman line of communication was extended towards Egypt, with the completion of the 100-mile (160 km) section of the Ottoman railway to Beersheba, which was opened on 17 October 1915.

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    After the battle, von Kressenstein's force was pushed back across the Sinai Peninsula, to be beaten at the Battle of Magdhaba in December 1916 and back to the border of Ottoman Empire-controlled Palestine to be defeated at the Battle of Rafa in January 1917, which effectively secured the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula. This successful, seven-month-long British Empire campaign, begun at Romani in August, ended at the First Battle of Gaza in March 1917. The Battle of Romani has, however, been surrounded with controversy and criticism. It has been suggested that, like the attack on the Suez Canal in 1915, it was merely a raid to disrupt maritime traffic rather than a determined attempt to gain control of the canal.

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