The Battle of Passchendaele: A Costly Defensive Success

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  • During the Battle of Passchendaele, the British forces suffered heavy casualties and made minor gains of ground.
  • The inadequate artillery support, German pillboxes, and extensive uncut barbed-wire hindered the British advance.
  • Despite numerous German counter-attacks, the British divisions held their starting positions except in certain areas.
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英文を訳して下さい。

Over the XIV Corps area, aircraft from 9 Squadron flew through the barrage to observe the infantry advance and had five aircrew casualties. Aircraft of the army wing, made reconnaissance flights over the German lines and shot down four German fighters, for one loss and one pilot wounded. The 233rd Division, opposite I Anzac Corps did not need the support of the 220th (Eingreif) Division. To counter-attack the II Anzac Corps, the 16th Division and 195th Division in the front line were supported by parts of the 20th Division and 45th Reserve Division. The 240th (Eingreif) Division was sent forward at midday, to support the 6th Bavarian Division near Polecappelle. The division moved forward on approach routes which were under an "enormous" weight of fire and managed to regain some captured ground. At 7:00 p.m. the British attacked again, the battle eventually subsiding with minor gains of ground by each side. After numerous German counter-attacks during the night, the final positions of the British divisions except near Reutel, opposite Passchendaele and near Houthoulst Forest, were the same as their starting positions. The writers of Der Weltkrieg, the German Official History considered that the battle was a costly defensive success. On Passchendaele Ridge and the Wallemolen Spur, inadequate artillery support, the German pillboxes and extensive uncut barbed-wire of the Flandern I Stellung (Flanders I Position), rain, mud, shell-hole machine-gun nests and counter-attacks, led the attackers being forced back towards their start lines. The brigades from the 66th and 49th divisions of the II Anzac Corps, began the attack exhausted from the conditions of the approach march and some units had not arrived when the attack began, although on the right of the 66th Division, German troops surrendered readily to the depleted British battalions. In I Anzac Corps, the Australian divisions were under strength after the attack of 4 October and the strain of holding the front until the attack. From 30 September – 14 October, BEF shell consumption (most being fired at Ypres) fell from 2.5 million–1.6 million shells by the field artillery, 510,000–350,000 shells by the medium artillery and 153,000–119,000 shells by the heavy artillery, although German accounts mention "heavy", "indescribably heavy" and "drumfire" bombardments.

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＞Over the XIV Corps area, aircraft from 9 Squadron flew through the barrage to observe the infantry advance and had five aircrew casualties. Aircraft of the army wing, made reconnaissance flights over the German lines and shot down four German fighters, for one loss and one pilot wounded. The 233rd Division, opposite I Anzac Corps did not need the support of the 220th (Eingreif) Division. ⇒第XIV軍団地域の上空を第9航空大隊から来た航空機が集中砲火をかいくぐって飛び、5人の搭乗員が死傷した。方面軍飛行隊の航空機はドイツ軍の戦線上を偵察飛行して1機を失い、1人のパイロットが負傷したが、4機のドイツ軍戦闘機を撃ち落した。第IIアンザック軍団に対峙する第233師団は、第220（アイングリーフ）師団の支援を必要としてはいなかった。 ＞To counter-attack the II Anzac Corps, the 16th Division and 195th Division in the front line were supported by parts of the 20th Division and 45th Reserve Division. The 240th (Eingreif) Division was sent forward at midday, to support the 6th Bavarian Division near Polecappelle(→Poelcappelle). The division moved forward on approach routes which were under an "enormous" weight of fire and managed to regain some captured ground. ⇒前線の第IIアンザック軍団、第16師団および第195師団が、第20師団の数個分隊および第45予備師団の支援を受けて反攻撃した。正午に、第240（アイングリーフ）師団が、ポエルカッペル近くの第6バヴァリア師団を支援するために前方へ送り出された。この師団は、「巨大な」重量の砲火の下をくぐって接近ルートへ移動し、何とかして攻略された地面をいくらか取り戻した。 ＞At 7:00 p.m. the British attacked again, the battle eventually subsiding with minor gains of ground by each side. After numerous German counter-attacks during the night, the final positions of the British divisions except near Reutel, opposite Passchendaele and near Houthoulst Forest, were the same as their starting positions. The writers of Der Weltkrieg, the German Official History considered that the battle was a costly defensive success. ⇒午後7時に、英国軍は再び攻撃したが、戦いは、どの面についても結局わずかな地面の獲得だけで静まった。夜間の大々的なドイツ軍の反撃の後に、英国軍の最終陣地は、リューテルの近くを除いて、パッシェンデールの対面でもフーツールスト森林の近くでも、それは開始地点の陣地と同じになった。ドイツ公報史「世界大戦」の著者らは、戦いは高くついたが、防御は成功であった、と考えた。 ＞On Passchendaele Ridge and the Wallemolen Spur, inadequate artillery support, the German pillboxes and extensive uncut barbed-wire of the Flandern I Stellung (Flanders I Position), rain, mud, shell-hole machine-gun nests and counter-attacks, led the attackers being forced back towards their start lines. The brigades from the 66th and 49th divisions of the II Anzac Corps, began the attack exhausted from the conditions of the approach march and some units had not arrived when the attack began, although on the right of the 66th Division, German troops surrendered readily to the depleted British battalions. ⇒パッシェンデール・リッジおよびヴァレモレン山脚、不十分な砲兵隊の支援、フランドル第I陣地のドイツ軍ピルボックスおよび広範囲の未切断有刺鉄線、雨、泥地、砲弾痕の機関銃巣および反撃、これらによって攻撃隊は開始戦線まで後退せざるを得ない状況に至った。第IIアンザック軍団の第66、第49師団から来た旅団は、行軍の悪条件から、消耗状態のまま攻撃を開始したものの、攻撃開始時点で数個部隊がまだ到着していなかった。ただ第66師団の右翼では、英国軍の数個大隊の展開によってドイツ軍隊があっさりと降伏した。 ＞In I Anzac Corps, the Australian divisions were under strength after the attack of 4 October and the strain of holding the front until the attack. From 30 September – 14 October, BEF shell consumption (most being fired at Ypres) fell from 2.5 million–1.6 million shells by the field artillery, 510,000–350,000 shells by the medium artillery and 153,000–119,000 shells by the heavy artillery, although German accounts mention "heavy", "indescribably heavy" and "drumfire" bombardments. ⇒第Iアンザック軍団では、10月4日の攻撃の後、オーストラリア軍の数個師団が攻撃まで軍勢不足の状況下にあって、前線を保持するに汲々としていた。9月30日－10月14日の（２週）間で、BEFの砲弾消費量（そのほとんどがイープル砲火で消費された）が野戦砲で250万発から160万発に、中砲で510,000発から350,000発に、重砲で153,000発から119,000発にそれぞれ低下した。ただし、ドイツ軍の計算によると、「重大」、「名状しがたいほど重大」、および「連続集中砲火」の砲撃であった。

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