Failed Operations and Weather Conditions in the Battle of Langemarck

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  • The Battle of Langemarck in August 1917 saw failed operations to capture key locations, resulting in high casualties.
  • Field Marshal Haig halted operations due to bad weather, which was believed to be a regular occurrence in August according to some sources.
  • However, meteorological records and analysis from the time suggest that August weather in Flanders was not consistently rainy.
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II Corps resumed operations to capture Nonne Bosschen, Glencorse Wood and Inverness Copse around the Menin Road on 22–24 August, which failed and were costly to both sides. Gough laid down a new infantry formation of skirmish lines to be followed by "worms" on 24 August. Cavan noted that pill-box defences required broad front attacks, so as to engage them simultaneously. The British general offensive intended for 25 August, was delayed because of the failure of previous attacks to hold ground, following the Battle of Langemarck and then postponed due to more bad weather. Attacks on 27 August were minor operations, which were costly and inconclusive. Haig called a halt to operations amidst tempestuous weather. In Field Marshal Earl Haig (1929), Brigadier-General John Charteris, the BEF Chief of Intelligence from 1915 to 1918, wrote that Careful investigation of records of more than eighty years showed that in Flanders the weather broke early each August with the regularity of the Indian monsoon. — Charteris which was quoted by Lloyd George (1934), Liddell Hart (1934) and Leon Wolff (1959). In a 1997 essay, John Hussey called the passage by Charteris "baffling". The BEF had set up a Meteorological Section under Ernest Gold in 1915, which by the end of 1917 had 16 officers and 82 men. The section predicted the warm weather and thunderstorms of 7–14 June and in a letter of 17 January 1958, Gold wrote that the facts of Flanders climate contradicted the claim made by Charteris in 1929. In 1989, Philip Griffiths examined August weather for the thirty years before 1916 and found that, ...there is no reason to suggest that the weather broke early in the month with any regularity. — Griffith From 1901–1916, records from a weather station at Cap Gris Nez showed that 65 percent of August days were dry and that from 1913–1916, there were 26, 23, 23 and 21 rainless days and monthly rainfall of 17, 28, 22 and 96 mm (0.67, 1.10, 0.87 and 3.78 in), ...during the summers preceding the Flanders campaign August days were more often dry than wet.

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>II Corps resumed operations to capture Nonne Bosschen, Glencorse Wood and Inverness Copse around the Menin Road on 22–24 August, which failed and were costly to both sides. Gough laid down a new infantry formation of skirmish lines to be followed by "worms" on 24 August. Cavan noted that pill-box defences required broad front attacks, so as to engage them simultaneously. The British general offensive intended for 25 August, was delayed because of the failure of previous attacks to hold ground, following the Battle of Langemarck and then postponed due to more bad weather. ⇒第II軍団は、8月22‐24日にメニン通りの周辺でノネ・ボッシェン、グレンコース森、およびインヴァネス雑木林を攻略するために作戦活動を再開したが、それは失敗して、両側にとって高くついた。ゴフは、8月24日に「地獄の攻め苦」が続くために、散兵(小戦闘)戦線の新しい歩兵連隊の編成を設定した。カヴァンは、彼らと同時に渡り合うように、ピルボックス防衛隊が幅広い前線攻撃を必要とする点を指摘した。8月25日を当て込んでいた英国軍の全般攻撃は、先行する攻撃で地面を占拠することに失敗して遅れ、「ランゲマークの戦い」後の悪天候続きにより延期された。 >Attacks on 27 August were minor operations, which were costly and inconclusive. Haig called a halt to operations amidst tempestuous weather. In Field Marshal Earl Haig (1929), Brigadier-General John Charteris, the BEF Chief of Intelligence from 1915 to 1918, wrote that Careful investigation of records of more than eighty years showed that in Flanders the weather broke early each August with the regularity of the Indian monsoon. — Charteris ⇒8月27日の攻撃は小規模な作戦行動であったが、それは高くついて何も確定しなかった。ヘイグは、大荒れの天気の中で活動の停止を命じた。陸軍元帥アール・ヘイグ文書(1929年)において、1915年から1918年までのBEF諜報部局長官ジョン・チャータリス准将はこう書いた― 80年以上の記録に関する慎重な調査によりますと、規則的なインド洋モンスーンのため、フランドルの天候は、例年8月前半に急変することが示されています。 — チャータリス >which was quoted by Lloyd George (1934), Liddell Hart (1934) and Leon Wolff (1959). In a 1997 essay, John Hussey called the passage by Charteris "baffling". The BEF had set up a Meteorological Section under Ernest Gold in 1915, which by the end of 1917 had 16 officers and 82 men. The section predicted the warm weather and thunderstorms of 7–14 June and in a letter of 17 January 1958, Gold wrote that the facts of Flanders climate contradicted the claim made by Charteris in 1929. In 1989, Philip Griffiths examined August weather for the thirty years before 1916 and found that, ...there is no reason to suggest that the weather broke early in the month with any regularity. — Griffith ⇒そしてこれはロイド=ジョージ(1934年)、リデル・ハート(1934年)、およびレオン・ウルフ(1959年)によって引用された。1997年のエッセイでジョン・ハッシーは、このチャータリスの一節は、「不可解である」と言った。BEFは、1915年にアーネスト・ゴールドの下で「気象部門」を設置し、1917年内の部門は将校16人と兵士82人を擁していた。この部門が、6月7–14日に暖かい天気と雷雨を予測した。そしてゴールドは、1958年1月17日付の文書で、フランドルの気候的事実は、1929年にチャータリスによってなされた主張と矛盾する、と書いた。1989年に、フィリップ・グリフィスは8月の天気に関する1916年以前の30年(の記録)がないか調べて、それを見つけた― …いかなる規則性をもっても、その月の始めに、天気が急変したことを示唆する理由は見当たりません。 —グリフィス >From 1901–1916, records from a weather station at Cap Gris Nez showed that 65 percent of August days were dry and that from 1913–1916, there were 26, 23, 23 and 21 rainless days and monthly rainfall of 17, 28, 22 and 96 mm (0.67, 1.10, 0.87 and 3.78 in), ...during the summers preceding the Flanders campaign August days were more often dry than wet. ⇒1901–1916年、キャップ・グリス・ネズの気象観測所での記録では、以下のようになっている。すなわち、8月は65%の日が乾いていた。1913-1916年(の各年)では、雨のない日がそれぞれ順に26日、23日、23日、21日間であった。そして、月間の雨量は、それぞれ順に17ミリ、28ミリ、22ミリ、96ミリ(0.67インチ、1.10インチ、0.87インチ、3.78インチ)であったことが示されていた― …フランドル野戦に先行した夏季の、8月の日々は、湿っていたというよりは、むしろ、しばしば乾いておりました。

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