Mystery of the Ocean's Heat Drawdown in Recent Years
- The ocean drawing down extra heat in recent years is a mystery that needs to be understood.
- Possible shifts in winds and currents may be causing surface heat to be pulled down faster than before.
- The deep-ocean theory is one of several explanations for the recent warming plateau.
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以下の文の和訳をお願いします。 Exactly why the ocean would have started to draw down extra heat in recent years is a mystery, and one we badly need to understand. But the main ideas have to do with possible shifts in winds and currents that are causing surface heat to be pulled down faster than before. The deep-ocean theory is one of a half-dozen explanations that have been proffered for the warming plateau. Perhaps the answer will turn out to be some mix of all of them. And in any event, computer forecasts of climate change suggest that pauses in warming lasting a couple of decades should not surprise us.
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近年海洋が余剰熱を引き込み始めたであろう理由は、はっきりとは分かっておらず、これはなんとしても理解しなければならない。しかし、主な説は、風と海流に起こりうる転換によって海面の熱が以前より早く引き下ろされているというものである。 この深海理論は、海台の温暖化に対する６通りある説明の一つである。おそらく、正解はそれらすべてのいくつかを組み合わせたものとなるだろう。そしていずれにしても、気候変化の計算機予報によって、２０年続く温暖化の停止は驚くべきことではないことが示唆されている。 熟語： badly need: なんとしてもする必要がある 内容としては、海水が熱を以前より吸収して温暖化が止まったようなことが書かれています。 参考になれば。
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以下の文の和訳をお願いします。 The slowdown is a bit of a mystery to climate scientists. True, the basic theory that predicts a warming of the planet in response to human emissions does not suggest that warming should be smooth and continuous. To the contrary, in a climate system still dominated by natural variability, there is every reason to think the warming will proceed in fits and starts. But given how much is riding on the scientific forecast, the practitioners of climate science would like to understand exactly what is going on. They admit that they do not, even though some potential mechanisms of the slowdown have been suggested. The situation highlights important gaps in our knowledge of the climate system, some of which cannot be closed until we get better measurements from high in space and from deep in the ocean.
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下の文を和訳していただけませんか？ The1997 Kyoto Protocol, the first international agreement on global warming, was adopted in Kyoto, Japan. Since Then, scientists have made it clear that global warming cannot be stopped or reversed. We will have to deal with climate change and the resulting problems, such as flooding, rising sea levels, desertification, and gradual changes in food supplies for the rest of our lives. Although global warming cannot be stepped or reversed, scientists think that it can be slowed, that some of its negative effects can be lessened, and that some of its worst effects can be prevented. It will be necessary for all countries to mitigate, in other words, to take steps to make the effects of global warming less severe, and to adapt to changing climate. Four countries have already taken steps to mitigate and adapt.
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The study also underlined the global nature of the threat and pointed out that changes on one continent will be felt on others. The worst effects of global warming will be felt in Aflica, Latin America and Asia but that ''could lead to vast displacement of populations including in regions close to Europe.'' The document concluded that ''each European citizen will be affected one way or another and the widest possible involment of society is needed.''
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Now, here is a crucial piece of background: It turns out we had an earlier plateau in global warming, from roughly the 1950s to the 1970s, and scientists do not fully understand that one either. A lot of evidence suggests that sunlight-blocking pollution from dirty factories may have played a role, as did natural variability in ocean circulation. The pollution was ultimately reduced by stronger clean-air laws in the West. Today, factory pollution from China and other developing countries could be playing a similar role in blocking some sunlight. We will not know for sure until we send up satellites that can make better measurements of particles in the air.
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According to what the author referred to ,you can easily come up with a few examples in America or elsewhere in the world. Name one place that can be thought of as one of them and explain the reason why you have chosen the place. この質問の意味を教えてください!!!
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Dr. Mark Jacobson is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University. He focuses his research on the causes of atmospheric changes and the most feasible ways of reducing global warming. Aircraft vapor trails (also known as “contrails,” as they are trails of condensed vapor) have long been thought of as being harmful as they have a lot of CO2 and are placed in a fragile part of the atmosphere. Dr. Jacobson and his team made a model that used atmospheric traits such as air composition and cloudiness, and aircraft emission characteristics such as soot. They then gathered data for 2004 and 2006, applied the data to the model, and calculated the warming that was due to commercial flights. After that, they made a nine-year simulation of data beginning from 2004, fine-tuned to the atmospheric conditions in different areas of the world. Their model predicts that vapor trails cause 4-8% of the rise in surface temperatures overall, but perhaps 20% of the warming over the Arctic. The study further suggests that reducing the soot in vapor trails will stop the warming effect those trails create. In addition, the soot-free vapor trails may actually promote a slight cooling effect by preventing the formation of heat-trapping cirrus clouds in some areas. But for now, vapor trails seem to be a big problem. よろしくお願いしますorz
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Sunderland’s team also found a relationship between levels of methylated mercury and organic carbon. Particles of organic carbon from phytoplankton or other sources may provide surfaces on which microbes could methylate mercury in the ocean, the researchers suggest. That methylated mercury could then be released back into the water. “We don’t have a causal mechanism yet, but it does seem to be linked to the biological pump in the ocean,” says Sunderland. Previous findings in the southern and equatorial Pacific, she adds, observed similar high methylmercury concentrations where biological activity was highest. That connection has implications for climate change and the mercury cycle: warmer, more productive oceans, with more phytoplankton and more fish, might increase the amount of methylated mercury that ends up on human plates. The researchers also hypothesize that waters in the western Pacific could be picking up mercury deposited from increasing atmospheric emissions in Asia, and then moving to the northeast Pacific. The ocean may only how be responding to higher mercury loads from past atmospheric deposition, Sunderland says. Daniel Cossa of the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER) in LA Seyne-sur-Mer and his colleagues have gathered another set of mercury data, this time from the Mediterranean, to be published in the May issue of Limnology and Oceanography. Both papers indicate that not all methylated mercury comes direct from coastal or river sources, and confirm that methylation occurs at moderate depth in oceans, says Cossa’s co-author Nicola Pirrone, director of Italy’s National Research Council Institute for Atmospheric Pollution in Rende. よろしくお願いしますorz
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We pass to the account of the creation contained in the Hebrew record. And it must be observed that in reality two distinct accounts are given us in the book of Genesis, one being comprised in the first chapter and the first three verses of the second, the other commencing at the fourth verse of the second chapter and continuing till the end. This is so philologically certain that it were useless to ignore it. But even those who may be inclined to contest the fact that we have here the productions of two different writers, will admit that the account beginning at the first verse of the first chapter, and ending at the third verse of the second, is a complete whole in itself. And to this narrative, in order not to complicate the subject unnecessarily, we intend to confine ourselves. It will sufficient for our purpose to enquire, whether this account can be shown to be in accordance with our astronomical and geological knowledge. And for the right understanding of it the whole must be set out, so that the various parts may be taken in connexion with one another.
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Dire climate change predictions may seem like science fiction in many parts of the world. But in the tiny, sea-swept Pacific nation of Tuvalu, the crisis has already arrived. Tuvalu consists of nine low-lying atolls totaling just 26 square kilometers, or 10 square miles, and in the past few years the "king tides" that peak in February have been rising higher than ever. Waves have washed over the island's main roads; coconut trees stand partly submerged; and small patches of cropland have been rendered unusable because of encroaching saltwater. The government and many experts already assume the worst: Sometime in the next 50 years, if rising sea-level predictions prove accurate, the entire 11,800-strong population will have to be evacuated. The ocean could swallow Tuvalu whole, making it the first country to be wiped off the map by global warming. But in one respect, the Tuvaluans may actually be the lucky ones - at least compared with some of their Pacific island neighbors. The New Zealand government already takes in a quota of Tuvaluans every year, many of whom have found jobs in the strawberry fields and packing plants around Auckland. And it has assured Tuvalu that it will absorb the entire population if the worst comes to pass.
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