英語の和訳が困っている場合の対処法
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- スポーツ健康科学系の論文の統計分析部分の要約文を作成しました。
- 肥満者のリバウンドに関する18ヶ月の調査結果を3つのグループに分けてまとめました。
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英語の和訳
英語が訳せず困っています。 スポーツ健康科学系の論文なのですが、統計分析のところで訳が出来ず詰まってしまいます。 なんとか辞書や専門用語の教科書などで訳したところも、いまいち意味が通じず、合っているのかもわかりません。この文章に既に何日もかかっています。 長文で申し訳ありませんが、お力を貸して頂きたいです。 内容は肥満者が減量した後のリバウンドの経緯を3つのグループに分けて18ヶ月間調査したというものです。 Data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 13.0 (21). Descriptive statistics are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD). Group differences on continuous variables assessed at baseline were evaluated using analyses of variance (ANOVA) with weight loss method as the grouping variable. Chi square tests were used to examine group differences on categorical variables. Group differences in weight regain at 6, 12, and 18 months were evaluated using analyses of variance (ANOVA) with weight loss method as the between subjects factor. Group differences across time in overall percent weight loss (initial weight loss and maintenance) were evaluated using repeated measures ANOVA, with weight loss method as the between subjects factor and percent weight reduction from maximum weight (at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months) as the within subjects factor. Participants lost to follow-up were assumed to have gained .30 kilograms per month, as has been used in prior studies (10, 22, 23). Analyses were first conducted without adjustments for covariates and were then adjusted for variables found to differ at baseline (p<.10) across weight loss method, including gender, baseline weight, intentional weight loss (cycling) history, baseline percent fat intake, and percent weight reduction at baseline (i.e., initial weight loss). Analyses were also adjusted for duration of weight loss maintenance and STOP Regain treatment group (face-to-face intervention, internet intervention, newsletter control). Repeated measures ANOVAs with weight loss method as the between subjects factor and time (baseline and 6 months) as the within subjects factor were used to examine group × time interactions for dietary intake, physical activity, depressive symptoms, and eating behavior. Tests of significance were based on alpha of .05. For repeated measures analyses, Greenhouse-Geisser correction was used, where appropriate, to adjust for sphericity. Bonferroni adjustment was applied to main effect and simple effect post-hoc contrasts. 統計解析の部分の抜粋です。 自力で訳したところもあるのですが不安なので全て書き込みました。 長文ですが宜しくお願い致します！！
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基本的に統計学の知識がおありだという前提で訳してみました。個人的にはなじみのある統計学用語が沢山出てきて楽しかったです(笑）。 集めたデータはWindows対応統計解析ソフトSPSSバージョン13を使って分析された(21)。記述統計は平均値プラスマイナス標準偏差（SD)として表した。ベースラインで算定した連続変数におけるグループによる違いはグループ分け変数とし、減量メソッドを用いて分散分析法（ANOVA）を使い評価された。カイ二乗検定はカテゴリカル変数におけるグループ間の違いを調べるために使用された。6ヶ月、12ヶ月、18ヶ月それぞれの時点での体重のリバウンドに関するグループ間の違いは被験者内要因として、減量メソッドを用いて分散分析法（ANOVA）を使い評価された。時間に関係なく全体としての体重減少％（初期の体重減少およびその維持分）におけるグループ間の違いは、被験者内要因およびブロック内要因としての最大体重（6ヶ月、12ヶ月、18ヶ月それぞれのベースライン）からの％体重減少として、減量メソッドを用い反復測定分散分析にて評価された。参加者の消息不明例については従来の研究で用いられたように（10, 22, 23）、1ヶ月あたり30キロ増加と仮定した。各種分析は、まず共変量の調整なしで実施され、それから性別、ベースライン体重、意図的な体重減少（循環）履歴、ベースライン％脂肪摂取量、そしてベースラインでの％体重減少（すなわち初めの減量分）を含む減量メソッド全般にわたって、ベースラインと異なる（P値0.10以下）変数を調整した。各種分析はまた、減量体重の維持期間と「リバウンドストップ治療」グループ（※1）（対面対応、インターネット対応、ニュースレターを使った管理）についての調整を行った。被験者内要因として減量メソッドを用いた反復測定分散分析とブロック内要因としての時間（ベースラインと6ヶ月）は、グループ×食事摂取量、運動、抑鬱症状、摂食行動の時間的兼ね合いを調べるために使われた。有意性検定はα0.05をベースとした（※2）。反復測定分析の為に必要に応じ、球面性（※3）を調整する為にグリーンハウス・ガイザー補正が使われた。ボンフェローニ補正は主効果と単純効果事後対比に用いられた。 ※1：ご質問のオリジナル（PMCの論文）を拝見したところ、STOP Regainというのはそういう名前の治療プログラムであることがわかりましたので、本当はストップリゲインとそのまま訳すのが適切だと思います。がここではわかりやすような日本語に代えてみました。 ※2：ここでのαは、前半で出てきたP値同様、有意性検定で使われる記号ですが、どちらもその意味は同じです。「第１種の誤りをおかす確率」←仮定検定を行う場合「有意水準」「危険率」などです。そのどれが適切かは実験および使う統計メソッドによって違うので、ここで単純に記号の呼び方だけにしました。 ※3：被験者要因と目的要因との相互作用がなく、バランスが取れてることを意味します。
関連するQ&A
- 英語論文翻訳お願いします。
Results Results of the recruitment process The study group were drawn from a population that consisted of 200 predominantly male subjects residing at the ZVAMC NHCU from October 1989 to October 1990. The recruitment period extended from October 1989 to June 100 and the exercise program was conducted from January to October of 1990. The inclusion and exclusion criteria shown in Table 1 were applied to the study population. Independent ambulation, requiring no supervision with or without an assistive device, was a prerequisite for study consideration. Because of this criterion, 112 of the NHCU residents were excluded from the study. Another 60 residents were omitted because of significant illness, dementia, leg amputation or dependence on an assistive device for ambulation. Of the remaining 28 subjects, 5were excluded because they scored above the predetermined cut off point on the Tinetti mobility assessment scale; it was felt these individuals were too functional to derive significant benefit from the intervention program. Of the 23 remaining subjects, 15 provided informed consent. Because of resource and supervisory limitation only three to four individuals could reasonably participate in the exercise sessions at any one time. Consequently, only 12 of the potential 15 subjects were actually able to participate in the study. Six subjects joined the exercise group and six the control group. After completion of the control protocol, four of the control subjects then participated in and completed the exercise protocol. Of the original subjects in the exercise group two were forced to total of eight subjects in the exercise group protocol. Selected characteristics of the subjects are described in Table 2. No significant differences were noted between the initial profiles of the exercise and control groups, although weight, length of stay and number of major diagnoses demonstrated more variability than age, height and number of scheduled medications. Baseline Testing of the Exercise and Control Subhects Baseline data for the participants who completed the study indicated that their initial scores for strength, work capacity and gait were substantially lower than age-specific nomal values recorded in the literature30 31 33.the participants demonstrated deficiencies of 21% for tinetti mobility skills, 62% for gait velocity and 56% for stride length. The exercise and the control groups were not significantly different with regard to their profile of baseline deficiencies in these functional capacities. タイプミスあったらすみません。 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1466871
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- 英語の論文の中で統計に関する文章がありまして、それのレクチャーをお願いします。
統計関係の英語翻訳について Gait velocity, while less powerful an indicator of gait instability than stride variability [3], is commonly used to characterize dynamic gait kinematics. Descriptive data (mean ± SD) across walking conditions were calculated. Two 2 × 2 mixed model analyses of variance (ANOVAs) having one between-subjects factor (group: younger and older subjects) and one within-subjects factor (condition: normal and dual task walking) were conducted to analyze differences in mean gait velocity and variability in stride velocity (α = 0.05). Post hoc t-tests with the Bonferroni-adjusted α were conducted when necessary to identify the comparisons that were statistically significant. って文章があるのですが、 一方でストライドの変動性よりも歩行の不安定性の指標として強力でない歩行速度は、通常、動的な運動学的歩行を特徴付けるために使われる。 歩行条件下において記述的なデータ（平均±標準偏差）が計算された 被験者間の要因（グループ：若者・高齢の被験者）と被験者内の要因（条件：通常と二重課題歩行）がある２×２の混合モデルの分散分析は 歩行速度の平均とストライド速度の変動性の違いの分析へ導く。 比較を確認する必要がある時、・・・統計学的に有意があると導かれた。 くらいしか訳せなくて、意味があまりつかめておりません。 もし分かる方おりましたら教えて下さい。
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- 英語の和訳です。お願いします！！
For example, one of the major differences between the American educational system and systems in a majority of other countries is that education in the United States is intended for everyone-not just for a privileged few. Schools are expected to meet the needs of every child,regardless of his or her ability,and also the needs of society itself. This means that tax-supported public schools offer more than academic subjects. It surprises many people when they come here to find high schools offering such courses as typing, sewing, radio repair, computer programming, or driver training, along with traditional academic subjects such as mathematics,history, and language. Students can choose among a great variety of subjects depending on their interests, future plans, and level of ability. The primary purposes of American education are to develop every child's abilities, however great or small these may be, and to give each child a sense of citizenship.
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- 英語
- 英語論文の翻訳、長いですがお願いします。
Protocols for the exercise and control groups Men randomized to the exercise group entered a progressive resistance lower extremity weight training and aerobic conditioning program at the ZVAMC Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Center . Weight training was conducted on a multipurpose weight machine (Marcy Gymnasinm Equipment Co . ) and aerobic conditioning was completed on stationary Air Dyne or cycle ergometers (Air Dyne & Ergo Metric Exercisor Models by Schwinn). Weight measurements were determined with a 23-kg load cell (Sensotec 31/143) and appropriate instrumentation (Sensotec HH). Exercise sessions were conducted 3 days a week for 12 wk totaling 36 sessions. Each session lasted between 45 and 75 min depending on the number of participants. All missed sessions were made up at a later date unless continuation was not possible because of medical or personal problems. Heart rates were continuously monitored by telemetry (Transkinetics TEM-4100)during the exercise sessions and estimated average heart rates were recorded during aerobic training. Each exercise session included : (1)a warm up of leisurely cycling for 3-5min , (2) aerobic exercise on either the Air Dyne or cycle ergometer, (3) strength training and (4) a warm down of cycling for 3-5 min. The aerobic exercise was performed for a duration of 20 min at a target heart rate of >70% of the exercise stress-tested maximal heart rate. The strength training was performed on the hip flexors, hip extensors, hip abductors, knee extensors and ankle plantar flexors. The hip muscle groups were exercised in succession with a standard weight and pulley system attached by a Velcro strap to the ankle with the subjects in a standing position. Four maneuvers were required for each extremity, totaling eight different hip exercise. To exercise the knee extensors, the subjects were required to lift the training weight from a sitting position with 90°of knee flexion to full knee extension using both knees simultaneously. The ankle plantar flexors were exercise with the subjects standing, holding the training weight with arms and back straight, and rising from the foot flat position to maximum, defined as the most weight a subject could lift through a full range of motion one time, was determined for each of the muscle groups before the first exercise session. At the first session, the weight load was set at 40 to 60% of the one repetition maximum so tha the subjects could complete 10 repetitions. Sequential load adjustments were made in subsequent sessions to maintain a maximal fatigue level after completion of the 10 repetitions. The subjects rotated to three weight stations performing one set of 10 repetitions for each of the hip muscle groups and two sets of 10 repetitions for both the knee extensors and ankle plantar flexors. The order of weight training exercise varied depending on preference and station availability. Subjects assigned to the control group received usual care within the NHCU during the study period. When indicated , this care included maintenance physical therapy. No dietary limitations were imposed on either group. After completion of the study period, a subset of the control subjects in either group. After completion of the study period, a subset of the control subjects crossed over to the exercise group. Subjects in either group requiring hospitalization secondary to a medical illness were dropped from the study. よろしくお願いします
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- 英語
- 手法の和訳
英語が訳せず困っています。 現在環境健康学系の論文を読んでいるのですが、統計を学んだばかりで、手法の部分をうまく訳すことができません。この論文の訳出に何日もかかっているのですが、うまくできません。訳したところも、きちんと合っているか分からない状態です。 長文で申し訳ございませんが、お力貸していただければ幸いです。 何卒、よろしくお願いいたします。 論文は、市民農園の利用者と非利用者とで疾患数・well-being・身体活動頻度などを比較した論文になります。（引用：Agnes E van den Bergら（2010）Allotment gardening and health: comparative survey among allotment gardeners and their neighbors without an allotment, Environmental Health 2010, 9:74） Data were analyzed with SPSS 17.0. Chi-square and Student’s t-test were used to calculate and compare baseline descriptives. The data of allotment gardeners (and neighbors of the gardeners) were hierarchically nested within allotment sites. However, the intraclass correlations, computed with mixed model analyses of variance, were mostly zero or very small (≤ .06) for all dependent measures, indicating that it was not necessary to control for clustering within sites. Because the control group of neighbors did not live directly next door to the home addresses of allotment gardeners in the present study, it was also not possible nor necessary to control for dependencies between pairs of neighboring participants. Group differences in unadjusted mean scores on health, well-being and physical activity measures were analyzed using a general linear model without covariates (ANOVA). To examine impacts of allotment gardening in younger and older age groups, respondents were divided into an older and a younger group, with the average age of retirement in the Netherlands of 62 years as the cut-off point [40]. This cut-off point of 62 years also happened to represent the 50th percentile of the age data. The combined impacts of allotment gardening and age on measures of health, well-being and physical activity were estimated in a covariate adjusted general linear model (ANCOVA) with allotment gardening (allotment gardeners/neighbors) and age (<62 yrs/≥ 62 yrs) as factors and gender, education level, income, access to a garden at home, physical activity in winter, and stressful life events as covariates. Correlation tests did not show problems of multicollinearity for the covariates. Relationships between gardening characteristics and health and well-being among allotment gardeners were explored by means of supplementary linear regression analyses. Although the distributions of number of GP consults, chronic diseases, and loneliness were positively skewed, analyses of the log-transformed data yielded patterns of outcomes that were very similar to those of the untransformed data. Therefore, results are reported based on the analysis of untransformed data.
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- 英語
- 和訳（統計処理の方法について）をお願いします。
大至急です。大変困っています。 統計処理の方法の和訳をして頂けませんか？ 自分で和訳してみましたが、統計処理について無知なため、うまく出来ませんでした。 よろしくお願いいたします。 以下英文です。 長くてすいません。 A 1-way randomized block analysis of variance for repeated measures was used for comparsion of outocome variables. If statistical differences were found,Bonferroni-corrected comparisons with baseline measurements were performed to determine the first percentage level of LBNP that could be distinguished statistically from baseline. Amalgamated correlation coefficients were calcurated to determine the relationship between the changes in PPG features and changes in stroke volume during LBNP and subsequent recovery. All date are presented as mean ±se and P values are presented for all comparisons. PPG = the photoplethysmogram LBNP = lower body negative pressure (下半身に陰圧をかける実験方法) . この質問に補足する.
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- 英語論文翻訳お願いします
Experience of the Exercise Group Compliance The eight exercise group subjects completed all 36 sessions. However, before completing all exercise sessions, total of 16 sessions were missed accounting for an overall compliance rate of ～95%. The average heart rate of 103 beats /min, achieved during stationary crying, equaled 82%of the exercise stress-tested maximal heart rate and 70% of the age-predicted maximal heart rate. The exercise participants used the Air-Dyne model cycle ergometers 85% of the time and the Ergo-Metric models the remaining 15%. Because of the added upper extremity exercise provided by the reciprocal arm movements, the subjects achieved higher average heart rates and were encouraged to use the Air-Dyne model cycle ergometers. Safety and intercurrent Illness The exercise program was safe with no apparent adverse side effects and no session were missed because of musculoskeletal complications. None of the subjects dropped out because of dissatisfaction with the program. Twp participants, both in the exercise group, were forced to withdraw from the study because of intercurrent illnesses. Results of testing at the end of the exercise program Compasidon of the first to the last exercise sessions showed that each of the men participating in the exercise program increased the amount of weight lifted in the 10 repetition maximum. Baseline weight lifted averaged 7.6 lbs for the hip muscle groups, 28 lbs for the knee extensors and 46 lbs for the ankle plantar flexors. The increase in weight lifted over the course of the study averaged 7.3 lbs (99%) for the hip muscle groups, 21lbs(81%) for the knee extensors and 37 lbs (80%) for the ankle plantar flexors. Although one repetition maximum values were measured before the first exercise session, they were not repeated at the end of the exercise program. The control subjects did not undergo baseline weight measurement determinations. Table 3 provides information regarding each of the before and after variables measured in the exercise group. The mean increase in tinetti mobility scores of+3.37 was significant (P<0.05), with each subject scoring higher after completion of the exercise program. The tinetti scale was divided into three parts, consisting of strength items (12 points), items combining strength and balance (6 points) and items that were primarily related to balance (16 points). Increases in items primarily related to strength were significant (P<0.01), while increases in balance-related item approached significance (P<0.06). Table2&3 Isokinetic strength measurements that increased significantly included overall strength combining the individual muscle group measurements (P<0.01), combined right and left quadriceps strength (P<0.05) and right- and left- handed muscular endurance (P<0.05). left quadriceps strength improvements approached, but did not achieve significance (P<0.07). post-strengthening measurements of gait and balance revealed significant improvements in left-sided stride length (P<0.005), left gait velocity (P<0.01) and average stride length (P<0.005) and velocity (P<0.05). no significant changes occurred for the other measured parameters including V02 max and balance. Experience of the control group The results for the control group can be found in Table 4. All control subjects completed the testing protocol without complications. No outcome variable improved significantly at the end of the 12-wk control period with the exception of the combined hamstring strength (P<0.05). Between group comparisons Table 5 compares the magnitude of change between the before and after test measurements in the exercise U the control group. Differences of significance included the tinetti mobility scores (P<0.005), left stride length (P<0.05), left velocity (P<0.05), average stride length (P<0.05) and average velocity (P<0.05). よろしくお願いします。 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1466871
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- 英語
- 英語の和訳
和訳お願いしますO(><;)(;><)O ↓ ↓ How and why did the family meel start to disappear in the United States？ My friends in the United States have various explanations about this. Parents and children lead busy lives and there just isn't time for a sit-down meal. Kids'sports schedules run on into dinner hour. After a long day at work,parents are too tired to cook. Teenagers are off on their own after school. Yet study after study shows that having meals together as a family is good for both adults and children. A University of Michigan study found that mealtime at home was the single strongest factor predicting better achievement scores and fewer behavioral problems for children. Mealtime was far more powerful than time spent in school,studying,worshiping,playing sports or doing arts activities. Other studies show that children like family meals. In one report,nearly four-fifths of adolescents cited eating dinner at home as one of their top-rated family activities. In a national YMCA poll in 2000,when teenagers were asked about their worries,21 percent rated“not having enough time with parents”as their top concern.
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- 英語
- 和訳
和訳例をお願いします。 In many cases, production in an industrial plant tends to be low on Monday. By Tuesday or Wednesday, workers seem to be “warmed up.” Productions is at its highest for the week. One possibility is that Friday, Saturday, and Sunday nights may be spent in long and tiring entertainment. The resulting loss of sleep shows up in lower production on Monday. Various tests indicate that loss of sleep is followed by poorer performance. It is true that very motivated people can do surprisingly well after long periods of staying awake. But they are able to do so only ady using up a great amount of energy. People can lose sleep in two ways. They may go without any sleep for a long period. Or, they may sleep much less than usual for a period of several nights. In nne dxperiment, first of all, subjects were kept awake continuously for 72 hours. They were under medical care during this dangerous experiment. Even so, some fainted at the end. In another part of the experiment, the same subjects reduced the amount of their sleep from about 8 hours to about 5 hours a night for five nights. In both cases, the subjects were given tests before and after the periods of no sleep or reduced sleep. Intelligence-test scores dropped only 24.5 percent following a period of 72 hours without sleep. However, the scores dropped only 14.9 percent following five nights with only 5 hour's sleep each night. How much the individual swayed forward and backward when trying to stand still was also measured. After 72 hours without sleep, there was a 51.8 percent loss in control of bodily swaying. After five nights of 5 hours' sleep each, there was a loss of only 6.1 percent. The amount of sleep a person needs varies with age. It also varies from individual to individual. But suppose it is absolutely impossible to get normal amounts of sleep. Studies have shown that it is better to take a number of short naps than to use all available sleeping time in one period. Other studies have found that performance drops in the early afternoon. One way of improving performance is to take a nap about halfway through the waking period. 以上です。
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- 英語
- 英語を日本語に翻訳してください。（翻訳ソフトNG）
The education market accounted for 9 percent of units and 7 percent of revenues. Most school had limited budgets for computers, what most educators were interested the most in was the availability of suitable software. As for the individual/home market, it accounted for 31 percent of units and 23 percent revenues. In 1991, the four largest PC manufacturers are said to have been IBM, Apple, NEC, and Compaq. They accounted nearly 37 percent of the world market. (See Exhibit 3.) More than 200 companies were from a dozen countries.” U.S, firms had over 60 percent of global revenues, Taiwanese small companies, like Acer, were gaining share in the very low end, and Japanese firms were the biggest manufacturers in portable computers. Tbshiba, a huge Japanese conglomerate, dominated laptops with (26 percent share in 1990), followed by NEC (15 percent).
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お礼
素早い回答本当にありがとうございます。 また、ここまで丁寧に訳していただき感動しました。 やはり、自分が訳していたところにも間違いがみられ、質問して本当に良かったと感じます。 補足まであり、細やかなお心遣いに本当に感謝です。 ありがとうございました。