Dr. Jay Neitz: Color Vision and Brain Recognition
- Dr. Jay Neitz, an ophthalmology professor at the University of Washington School of Medicine, focuses on color vision and how the brain recognizes colors.
- Using male red/green color blind squirrel monkeys, Dr. Neitz and his team conducted a study to determine if the brain can recognize colors it has never been exposed to.
- By injecting red-detecting human opsin genes behind the monkeys' retinas, the monkeys gained the ability to see both red and green colors, indicating that the brain can learn to recognize new colors.
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Dr. Jay Neitz is a professor of ophthalmology at the University of Washington School of Medicine. Dr. Neitz concentrates his studies on color vision, especially regarding the way colors are recognized by the brain. The research question; Is it possible for a brain to recognize colors which it had never been exposed to before? To answer this question, Neitz and his team used male squirrel monkeys, animals that are genetically red/green color blind. The X chromosome for these monkeys has only one location for an opsin gene. Two versions of this gene need to be present for the sensing of red and green light: one version of the gene creates green photoreceptors, and the other creates red ones. As males, the male monkeys have only one X chromosome, so they have only one opsin gene and are thus red/green color blind without exception. Dr. Neitz’s team thus injected red-detecting human opsin genes behind the monkeys’ retinas using viral vectors (modified viruses) to deliver the genes. For 20 weeks, no difference in the monkeys’ vision could be detected. Then, suddenly, the male monkeys were able to see both red and green colors. After two years, they still had their new ability. It seems that the monkeys’ brains learned to recognize the new colors that were presented to them. The potential benefits for humans who are color blind or who suffer other problems with their eyes can hardly be overstated. よろしくお願いします＾＾；
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ジェイ・ナイツ博士はワシントン大学医学部、眼科学の教授です。 ナイツ博士は色覚、特に色がどのように脳によって認識されるかについて専門に研究しています。 彼の研究課題それは、以前に一度も見たことがない色を脳は認識できるのか？ということです。 答えを見つける為に、ナイツとそのチームは先天性赤緑色覚異常の雄のリスザル達を使用しました。 このサルのX染色体はオプシン遺伝子のひとつが欠如しています。 赤と緑の光を感知する為にはこの遺伝子が２つなければなりません。つまりひとつが緑色光受容体を作り、別のひとつが赤色光受容体を作るのです。 男性として、雄ザルは1つのX染色体のみであり、たった1つのオプシン遺伝子では例外なく赤緑色覚異常となります。 ナイツ博士の研究チームは（欠如している）遺伝子を送るために、バイラルベクター（改変ウイルス）を使って赤い光を感知する人間のオプシン遺伝子を網膜の裏側に注入しました。 （注入後）20週間、サル達の視覚には何の変化も起りませんでした。 まもなく突然雄サル達は赤と緑を識別できるようになりました。 その後2年間、彼らは（色を）識別し続けました。 これは、サルの脳が与えられた新しい色の認識を学習した為と思われます。 視覚的に色盲やその他の問題をかかえた人間への潜在的利益に関しては、ただちに言及することは出来ません。
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博士ジェイNeitzは医学のワシントン大学の眼科の教授である。 博士Neitzは特に色が脳によって認識される方法に関して、色覚に彼の研究を集中している。 研究課題は、脳は、それが前に晒されていなかった色を認識することは可能ですか？ この質問に答えるために、Neitzと彼のチームは、男性のリスザル、遺伝的に赤/緑の色、目の見えない動物を使用していました。 これらのサルのX染色体はオプシン遺伝子の1つだけの場所に位置しています。 この遺伝子の2つのバージョンは、赤と緑の光の感知のために存在する必要があります：遺伝子の一つのバージョンでは、緑色の光受容体を作成し、他は赤いものを作成します。 男性のように、雄性サルので、彼らは1つだけオプシン遺伝子を持っており、例外なくカラーブラインドこうして赤/緑であり、唯一のX染色体を持っています。 博士Neitzのチームは、このように遺伝子を送達するために、ウイルスベクターを（改変ウイルス）を使ってサルの網膜の後ろに赤人体検知オプシン遺伝子を注入した。 20週間、サルの視力に差は検出できなかった。 すると、突然、男性のサルは、赤と緑の色の両方を見ることができました。 2年後、彼らはまだ彼らの新しい能力を持っていた。 それはサルの脳は彼らに提示された新しい色を認識することを学んだようだ。 色ブラインドであるか、または彼らの目で他の問題に苦しむ人の人間のための潜在的なメリットはほとんど誇張することはできません。
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Researchers have used gene therapy to restore colour vision in two adult monkeys that have been unable to distinguish between red and green hues since birth — raising the hope of curing colour blindness and other visual disorders in humans. "This is a truly amazing study," says András Komáromy, a vision researcher and veterinary ophthalmologist at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, who was not involved in the research. "If we can target gene expression specifically to cones [in humans] then this has a tremendous implication." About 1 in 12 men lack either the red- or the green-sensitive photoreceptor proteins that are normally present in the colour-sensing cells, or cones, of the retina, and so have red–green colour blindness. A similar condition affects all male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), which naturally see the world in just two tones. The colour blindness in the monkeys arises because full colour vision requires two versions of the opsin gene, which is carried on the X chromosome. One version codes for a red-detecting photoreceptor, the other for a green-detecting photoreceptor. As male monkeys have only one X chromosome, they carry only one version of the gene and are inevitably red–green colour blind. A similar deficiency accounts for the most common form of dichromatic color blindness in humans. Fewer female monkeys suffer from the condition as they have two X chromosomes, and often carry both versions of the opsin gene. よろしくお願いしますorz
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After 20 weeks, the monkeys' colour skills improved dramatically, indicating that Dalton and Sam had acquired the ability to see in three shades. Both monkeys have retained this skill for more than two years with no apparent side effects, the researchers report in Nature. Adding the missing gene was sufficient to restore full colour vision without further rewiring of the brain even though the monkeys had been colour blind since birth. "There is this plasticity still in the brain and it is possible to treat cone defects with gene therapy," says Alexander Smith, a molecular biologist and vision researcher at University College London, who did not contribute to the study. "It doesn't seem like new neural connections have to be formed," says Komáromy. "You can add an additional cone opsin pigment and the neural circuitry and visual pathways can deal with it." Three human gene therapy trials are currently under way for loss of sight due to serious degeneration of the retina. These phase I safety studies injected a similar type of virus vector (but carrying a different gene) behind the retina as in the monkeys, and people treated have shown no serious adverse effects more than a year after, with some participants reporting marked improvements in vision. These first human trials — which repair rods, a different type of photoreceptor cell — can be seen as a safety benchmark for any future treatment of cone diseases and colour blindness in humans, says Neitz. "The biggest issue is that people who are colour blind have very good vision," Neitz says. "So before people are going to want to treat colour blindness you're going to want to ensure that this is completely safe, and that's going to take some work." よろしくお願いします＾＾；
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"Here is an animal that is a perfect model for the human condition," says Jay Neitz of the University of Washington in Seattle, a member of the team that carried out the experiment. Neitz and his colleagues introduced the human form of the red-detecting opsin gene into a viral vector, and injected the virus behind the retina of two male squirrel monkeys — one named Dalton in honour of the British chemist, John Dalton, who was the first to describe his own colour blindness in 1794, and the other named Sam. The researchers then assessed the monkeys' ability to find coloured patches of dots on a background of grey dots by training them to touch coloured patches on a screen with their heads, and then rewarding them with grape juice. The test is a modified version of the standard 'Cambridge Colour Test' where people must identify numbers or other specific patterns in a field of coloured dots. よろしくお願いします人(￣ω￣;)
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教えてください。 language is a man-made products, designed by and for the male half of the species to the neglect and exclusion of womenという 文があるのですが、to以下がどうして解説にでているような訳になるのか、わからないのです。解説には「女性を無視し、排除し、」としか書かれておらず困っております。 どなたかお力を貸していただけますか。 よろしくお願いいたします。
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