2080年までに世界のトカゲの5分の1が絶滅の危機に直面する可能性がある
- 最新の国際研究によると、2080年までに地球温暖化の影響で世界のトカゲ種の5分の1が絶滅する可能性があることが明らかになりました。
- 二酸化炭素排出の最も楽観的なシナリオにおいても、地球のトカゲの6%に相当する5分の1の個体数が2050年までに絶滅する可能性があると分析されています。
- 現在の排出水準が続く場合、2080年までに世界のトカゲの39%が消滅し、種の20%が失われると予測されています。
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By 2080, global warming could result in one-fifth of the world’s lizard species becoming extinct, a global study has found. Even under the most optimistic scenarios for curbing carbon dioxide emissions, the analysis by an international team shows that one-fifth of the globe’s lizard populations, corresponding to 6% of all lizard species, may go extinct by 2050. “We’ve committed ourselves to that,” says Barry Sinervo, an evolutionary biologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, who led the study. He and his colleagues found that climate change has already driven 12% of the populations of Mexico’s colourful Sceloporus lizards extinct since 1975. If emissions continue at current levels, he predicts that by 2080, 39% of the world’s lizard populations will have vanished, corresponding to a 20% loss in species. The study is published in Science this week. It’s a stunning finding, says Raymond Huey, an evolutionary physiologist at the University of Washington, Seattle, who wasn’t part of the study team. “Lizards are animals that should be very tolerant of climate warming,” he says. よろしくお願いします＾＾；
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2080年までに、地球温暖化は世界中のトカゲ種の5分の1を絶滅させることになると、ある世界的研究は発見しました。 二酸化炭素排出を抑える為の最も楽観的シナリオの元でさえ、とある国際的チームの分析は、すべてのトカゲ種の6%に相当する、地球のトカゲの個体数の5分の1が2050年までに絶滅するであろうと示しています。 「我々はそれに全力を尽くしてきたのです。」とその研究を指揮したカリフォルニア大学サンタ・クルーズ校の進化生物学者のバリー・シネルヴォは言います。 彼と同僚は気候変動が1975年以降すでにメキシコに生息する色鮮やかなマラカイトハリトカゲ種（※1）の個体数の12%を絶滅させたことを発見しました。 もし（二酸化炭素の）排出が現在のレベルで続くならばトカゲ種の20％を失うことにあたる、世界中のトカゲ総数の39％が2080年までに無くなっているであろうと彼は予測しています。 この研究は今週、サイエンス誌に掲載されました。 それは驚くべき発見です。と、この研究チームに参加しなかったシアトルにあるワシントン大学の進化生理学者、レイモンド・ヒュイは言います。 「トカゲは気候温暖化に対してとても耐性のある動物であるはずなのですが」と。 ※1：イグアナ科トカゲの総称。 http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%88%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B2
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- mjtennsai
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２０８０年までに、地球温暖化が原因で、トカゲの５分の１の種類が絶滅するだろう、と地球を研究するひと(？)が言った 二酸化炭素の排出が抑制される、という最も楽観的なシナリオのもとでさえ、国際的な研究チームの評論家は個体数で言うと５分の１のトカゲが、 種類で言うと６パーセントのトカゲが２０５０年までに絶滅スルだろう 「間違いなくそうだ」とカリフォルニア大学の進化生物学者で、この結論に至ったBarry Sinervoは言う。 彼と彼の仲間たち(彼のチーム、と訳しても良いでしょう)は、１９７５年に比べ、メキシコの、カラフルなSceloporus というトカゲの個体数が１２パーセント減少した、と言うことを発見した ＊extinct を絶滅、と訳さず、１２パーなんで、減少、と訳しました もし現在のまま排出が続くと、2080年までには個体数で言うと３９パーセントのトカゲが、種類で言うと２０パーセントのトカゲが絶滅するだろう この論文は今週のサイエンス誌で紹介された こいつはびっくりな発見だあ、とシアトルのワシントン大学の進化生物学者であるRaymond Hueyは言った 「トカゲってのは、気候の温暖化には強えはずなんじゃがのう」と言った もし間違ってても責任は取りません へてくそな訳ですんません
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Evolutionary biologists such as Dr. Barry Sinervo research the origin of species and how they adapt to their environments. Dr. Sinervo specializes in lizard species. His team went to various sites where a particular lizard species lives. He and his team were investigating the effect of the lizard’s colorful appearance on its evolution. Unfortunately, the lizard species they were looking for turned out to be hard to find. Thus, the focus of their research changed from “how did the lizard’s appearance help it survive and evolve?” to “why is this species going extinct?” Habitat destruction is the most common reason for species to disappear from the Earth. However, the lizards were living in protected areas which were untouched by human activity. Thus, the team investigated alternative explanations for the disappearance of the lizards.
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Sinervo wasn’t intending to study extinctions. Rather, he had planned to use a Eurasian lizard, Lacerta vivipara, to examine the role of coloration in lizard evolution. But when he went to sites in France, Italy, Slovenia and Hungary where Lacerta had been studied, the lizards weren’t always there. A few years later, he found that Mexico’s Sceloporus lizards were also vanishing. Concerned, he assembled a team to examine the issue globally. Studying reports of extinctions on five continents, the scientists concluded that the problem is widespread. “It’s happening really, really fast,” Sinervo says. “We’re seeing a massive extinction wave sweeping across the planet.” Huey warns that not seeing lizards doesn’t mean that they’re not there. They may just have been overlooked. “Populations go up and down,” he says. Still, he notes, Sceloporus is very conspicuous. “It would be hard to miss.” “These kinds of studies take a lot of work, and people have just recently started to do them,” says Anthony Barnosky, a palaeoecologist at the University of California, Berkeley, and author of Heatstroke: Nature in an Age of Global Warming (Island Press, 2009). Of the handful of similar analyses, a 2008 study found population losses in amphibians living in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, and another found that small mammals in Yosemite National Park in California had tracked warming temperatures in the past century by shifting their range. よろしくお願いします＾＾；
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Lizard disappearances in the areas the team studied can’t be due to habitat destruction because they’re occurring where habitat has been protected. Rather, hotter sites close to the equator or at low altitudes are most likely to lose their lizards. To see how hotter climates damaged the reptiles, Sinervo’s team created a dummy lizard, set it out in the sun at sites in the Yucatan Peninsula where Sceloporus is found and where it had gone extinct, and monitored its temperature. Like all organisms, lizards must avoid overheating and keep their body temperature within a certain range to survive. The problem, the team found, seems to be warmer springtimes, rather than higher maximum temperatures at midday or in midsummer. Higher temperatures in spring mean that the animals spend less of the breeding season out foraging and more time in the shade. “That is the time of year that females need the maximum amount of food,” says Huey. “If the temperature gets higher in the spring, then the lizards restrict their activity. They simply may not have enough active time to catch enough food.” Underfed females do not have the resources needed to make young, causing populations to crash. The ecological consequences of lizard extinctions are unknown. “If Barry’s right or even close to right,” Huey says, “the world as we know it will be very different. Lizards are primarily insect eaters. So if a population goes extinct, that will affect the insects living there. Lizards are also prey for many snakes, birds, mammals and some other lizards. But how serious those 〔effects〕 will be is going to be very difficult to predict.” よろしくお願いしますorz
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Many previous studies have assumed that the impact of aircraft emissions was the same everywhere. But the new analysis reveals that aircraft emissions increased the fraction of cirrus clouds where vapour trails were most abundant, and actually decreased the cirrus fraction in several locations by increasing the temperatures in the lower atmosphere, reducing the relative humidity in such locations. If black-carbon emissions from aircraft could be reduced 20-fold, warming would be halted and a slight cooling would occur from plane-created vapour trails, Jacobson says. The team’s study is being peer reviewed and is expected to be published soon, Jacobson added. David Fahey, of the Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado ― part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ― says that studies such as Jacobson’s are important to fill the gaps in aircraft-emissions data following the nation’s previously “muddled” research course. Fahey says that how European leaders are calling for carbon taxes to be levied on each commercial airline flight, the United States is being driven to catch up on aircraft-emissions research. Some of the EU proposals suggest taxing a flight for emissions along its entire route. This is “absurd”, says Fahey. For a more realistic levy, high-quality research is needed on the actual impact of such emissions, he adds. よろしくお願いします＾＾；
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By using a model lizard, they measured the temperature that real lizards encountered in their environment throughout the year. They found that warmer temperatures in the spring meant that lizards had to spend more time in that season searching for shade instead of searching for food. Female lizards that cannot obtain enough food in the springtime are unable to reproduce, and the local population soon crashes. Global warming is thus apparently causing sun-basking lizards, animals that we would normally expect to welcome warmer weather, to vanish from the Earth.
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From the time that life first appeared on Earth, species have gone extinct. Extinction is a natural part of evolution. Species that are best at adapting to their environment survive. Other species are unable to adapt quickly enough – so they die off. So, why do endangered species get so much attention today? One reason is much of the extinction happening these days is unnatural. The leading reason for a species to become endangered is loss of habitat. As humans cut down forests for farmland, expand cities, or pollute waterways, to name a few ways that habitat is destroyed, animals, plants, and insects find it harder and harder to survive. Thus, the effect of humans on the natural world is causing species to become endangered, and, ultimately, go extinct. Another leading reason for a species to become endangered is climate change. For example, the lizards in this article could probably adapt to a gradual change in temperature. However, the rapid change in the climate, and the consequent decrease in lizard birthrate, threaten to doom many lizard species. If human activity is a major reason for climate change, then it would seem that we are changing our world far too rapidly for species to naturally adapt. Humans are highly adaptable, but most species need a lot of time to get used to changing conditions.
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