Ashoka's Reforms and Legacy
- Learn about Ashoka's reforms and legacy in this article.
- Ashoka promoted Buddhism and sent missionaries to spread its teachings.
- His reforms included banning animal sacrifices, which angered the Brahmins.
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お願いします。 He told his people that he wanted them to live in a way that would lead to an“increase of their inner worthiness.”Ashoka also promoted the teachings of the Buddha and sent missionaries,including his son and his daughter,to lands as dar away as Sri Lanka so that his people would not make the same mistakes he had.As he said,“All men are my children.As for my own children,I desire that they may be provided with all the welfare and happiness of this world and of the next,so do I desire for all men as well.” As part of his reforms,Ashoka banned the sacrifice of animals.This confused and angered many of his people,especially the Brahmins who made their living by performing animal sacrifices.The Brahmins were powerful enemies,break away from the Mauryan Empire after Ashoka's death.The last Mauryan ruler was assassinated in 185 BCE by one of his generals－who was,not so coincidentalky,a Brahmin.Although other kings would follow,no ruler would be strong enough to unite the many different people of the subcontinent into a single political state for 1,600 years.
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彼は、臣民が「自らの内部的価値の増加」に至るように暮らすことを望むと、臣民に話しました。 アショカは、また、彼の臣民が彼がしたのと同じ間違いをしないように、ブッダの教えを奨励し、彼の息子や彼の娘を含む伝道者を遥かスリランカの地まで行かせました。 彼は次の様に述べました、「すべての民は、わが子供なり。 余自身の子供たちに、彼らが現世と来世すべての福祉と幸福を受けられるよう、余が望むごとく、余は我が臣民全てにも同じことを望む。」 彼の改革の一環として、アショカは動物の生贄を禁じました。 これは、彼の臣民の多く、特に動物の生贄を行うことによってその生計を立てるバラモン、を混乱させて、怒らせました。 バラモンは強力な敵で、アショカの死後、マウリヤ帝国との関係を断ちました。 最後のマウリヤ朝の統治者は、彼の将軍の1人によって紀元前185年に暗殺されました ― この将軍は、それほど偶然の一致と言うわけではありませんが、バラモンでした。 他の王たちは従おうとしましたが、どの統治者も、1,600年間亜大陸の多くの人々を一つの政治的な国家に統一する程十分強力とは言えなかったでしょう。
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お願いします! Sometime during the sixth century BCE,a prince named Vardhamana was born in northern India.His father was a Kshatriya and his mother's family controlled much of what is now Nepal and Eastern India.As the son of a powerful ruler,he lived alife of luxury.Wealth and pleasures surrounded him.He married and had a daughter,but when he was 30 years old,he began to feel bored and trapped by his life and all of his things.He decided to leave the palace and,after tearing out his hair in five handfuls,he began to wander the land,meditating,and living off the food that people gave him. He traveled into faraway forests,where he met holy men and women who,like him,disliked the violence and greed of ordinary life.Together they looked for a better way to live.In time,Vardhamana found out about a holy man who had lived hundreds of year before,in about 800 BCE.This man,whose name was Parshvanatha,taught that as long as you did not lie,steal,own more than you needed to survive,or kill anything,your life would be pure and you would be freed from having to be born yet again. Vardhamana began to follow these teachings,living only off the charity that people gave him.Sometimes people beat and abused him,but he stuck to his beliefs.Finally,after 12 years,6 months and 15 days,he was able to conquer his earthly desires.He no longer cared about fancy food,fashionable clothes,or even his family and friends.He had finally reached a state called Enlightenment－the burden of always wanting stuff didn't weigh him down anymore.People called him Mahavira,“the great hero.”He taught the four teachings of Parshvanatha,plus one more: celibacy.Total celibacy was a tough one,since if no one had children,people would die out. So,many people who followed the teachings of Vardhamana gave up worldly pleasures after they had finished raising a family.
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お願いします! At about the same time as Mahavira was wandering around the forest and cities of the Ganga Valley,another prince was asking similar questions.His name was Siddhartha Gautama.Like Mahavira's father,Siddhartha's father tried to protect him from anything ugly or painful.Like Mahavira,Siddhartha married and had a child.And like Mahavira,Siddhartha gradually realized that the world was a place of suffering.He gave up his life of luxury,left his palace,and began to seek enlightenment.Buddhists believe that after six years of fasting and long periods of meditating in the same position without moving a muscle,he realized that physical discipline was not the way to achive enlightenment.When he told this to five fellow sages,they left him in the forest,disgusted that he had given up so easily.But Siddhartha continued to meditate.One night,as he sat on a grass mat under the arching branches of a bodhi(wild fig) tree,he realized something that would change his life forever.It occurred to Siddhartha that 1)humans experience pain 2)desire or wanting is what causes this pain 3)the only way to avoid suffering is to control desire 4)a person can be freed from desire,and achieve Enlightenment,by living with others and following the Eightfold Path. Siddhartha called this form of enlightenment Nirvana.Once he experienced Nirvana for himself,he became known as the Buddha. Although he did not think anyone would be interested in his message,he decided to share what he had discovered.At the town of Sarnath,the five friends who had abandoned him in the forest came to listen to him teach.These five became his first followers.For the next 45 years,the Buddha traveled from city to city and village to village,teaching people about kindness,compassiom,and truth,as he did in these instructions to one of his followers: The wise and moral man Shines like a fire on a hilltop Making honey like a bee Who does not hurt the flower.
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お願いします (25) In spite of his poor health, Augustus lived to be 76 years old and reigned for 41 years as emperor. In the last years of his life, he realized that he must choose a successor. But whom? His beloved grandsons had both died young. With only one logical choice left, Augustus summoned his stepson Tiberius to Rome. He named this gloomy man as his co-ruler and successor. (26) In 14 CE, Augustus took a last journey by sea. He caught a chill in the night air and became quite ill. He called Tiberius to his bedside and spoke with him for a long time in private. Then, on August 19, knowing that the end was near, he called for a mirror and had his hair carefully combed. The biographer Suetonius tells the story: “he summoned a group of friends and asked ‘Have I played my part in the comedy of life believably enough?’” Then he added lines from a play: If I have pleased you, kindly show Appreciation with a warm goodbye. (27) Augustus Caesar had played many roles well: the dutiful heir of Julius Caesar; the victor over Antony; the reformer of Roman government; the generous sponsor of literature and art;and, in his final years, the kindly father figure of Rome─providing food, entertainment, and security to his people. Near the end of his life, he remembered: “When I was 60 years old, the senate, the equestrians, and the whole people of Rome gave me the title of Father of my Country and decreed that this should be inscribed in the porch of my house.” (28) When Augustus died, all Italy mourned, and the Senate proclaimed him a god. His rule marked a turning point in history. In his lifetime, the Roman Republic came to an end. but he rescued the Roman state by turning it into a system ruled by emperors─a form of government that survived for another 500 years. In an age in which many rules were called “saviors” and “gods,” Augustus Caesar truly deserved to be called the savior of the Roman people.
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お願いします。 Despite Harkhuf's major expeditions and all the riches he and other traders brought back to Egypt―from Nubia with all its gold, Sinai with all its turquoise, and Punt with all its incense―it was this dancing pygmy that captured the heart of Pepi II. And the letter written by the boy-king remained so important to Harkhuf that at he end of his days he chose to record it on his tomb. If you were the supreme ruler of Egypt 4,000 years ago, what kinds of letters would you write? What songs would you sing to the Nile? Think about it while your servants fan you with ostrich feathers. But you might want to be careful how you order your teachers around.
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