Can old people remember as well as young people?
- Although this is common knowledge, it is not entirely correct. Old people can recall a series of numbers as well as a younger person under certain conditions.
- Old people can remember a telephone number as well as anybody if they are not hurried or interfered with.
- However, they are less successful at tasks used to study memory in experimental laboratories.
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Although this is common knowledge, it is not entirely correct. For example, an old person can recall a series of numbers as well as a younger person-provided the series is not too long, provided enough time is allowed for study, and provided no interfering material is presented between the study time and the test time. In short, if you do not hurry them or interfere with them, old people can remember a telephone number as well as anybody. They are less successful, even when allowed time to study, at other kinds of tasks used to study memory in the experimental laboratory, including paired-associate learning and serial and free recall of word lists. お願いします。
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これは常識だけれど、それがまったく正しいというわけではありません。たとえば、高齢者は、数字の連続が長すぎず、学習に十分な時間が与えられ、学習の時間とテストの時間に邪魔をするものがなければ、一連の数字を若い人と同様に思いだすことができます。要するに、高齢者を急がせたり、じゃまをしたりしなければ、高齢者は誰とも同様に電話番号を思い出すことができるのです。高齢者は、学習の時間が与えられた時でさえ、対連合学習や単語表の連続及び自由再生を含む、実験室で記憶を研究するために用いられる他の種類の課題では、成績があまりよくありません。
関連するQ&A
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But, why should they use their memory to perform such tasks? In the real world, if a person needs to remember a list of words-a list of items to be purchased, for example-the usual technique is to write out the list and consult it when recall is required-at the grocery store or wherever. Psychologists have conducted hundreds-perhaps thousands-of studies of short-term memory, but apparently they have never allowed subjects to do what most of us do in the real world-make a list of the items to be remembered and read them off when recall is required. お願いします。
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Memory It is well known that old people have memory problems. They do not remember recent events well, but remember events from long ago and relish telling them-again and again-because they do not remember having told the same story yesterday. お願いします。
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Disengagement As people get older, they tend to withdraw gradually from society, and at the same time society tends to withdraw from them. This progressive, mutual withdrawal is called disengagement. Because of disengagement, old people are less interested in having social contacts, and have fewer social contacts, with less emotional involvement in them. Viewed positively, disengagement permits the old person to enjoy a more leisurely way of life, but working against this positive aspect of disengagement is the work ethic that requires activity, including social activity to maintain a sense of self-worth (Kalish, 1975). お願いします。
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The same is true of studies of long-term rote memory, even though this type of memory is probably almost never required once a person has finished school. Once the years of formal schooling are over, test-taking days are largely past. An occasional test will need to be taken, for driver’s license renewal, for example, but by and large the need for long-term rote memory is reduced to zero in day-to-day adult life. People do not get much practice, if any, with the memory skills of bygone school years, and by the time they are old they can expect to be unable to use the old skills efficiently, and may be unable to use them at all. お願いします。
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In old age, in contrast, the usual cause of losing a spouse is death, and the death is likely to be gradual in onset. Consequently, in principle an old person should have time to prepare for the crisis of losing a spouse, who has become ill. In practice, it turns out that the warning signs are seldom heeded; after all, as pointed out earlier, we are not given the kinds of training-socialization-that would prepare us to meet normal life crises. Consequently, loss of a spouse in old age may be as psychologically sudden in onset as in early adulthood, in effect. お願いします。
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The cycle ends Other things equal, the death of an old person disturbs us less than the death of a young person, apparently because early death is considered somehow unfair (Kastenbaum, 1975; Roth, 1977). The word death refers to both an event-dying-and the result of this event. It is difficult to distinguish between clinical death and biological death. Clinical death is defined by the absence of vital sings, but after the disappearance of vital sings some biological structures continue to function for an appreciable length of time, and different structures continue to “live” for different lengths of time. Biological death varies, in other words, for different structures in the body. Brain cells are among the first to die when oxygen in the blood is depleted, either because the blood is not oxygenated (as in drowning) or because the blood is not circulated (as in heart failure). Presumably, the mind ceases to function when the brain cells die, although this presumption is challenged in some religions. お願いします。
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In the fourth stage, the person can no longer deny that he or she is dying, and anger is replaced by depression, a sense of great loss perhaps coupled with guilt and a feeling of unworthiness. Finally, in the fifth stage the person accepts the approach of death. However, “acceptance should not be mistaken for a happy stage. It is almost void of feelings. It is as if the pain had gone, the struggle is over, and there comes a time for ‘the final rest before the long journey’ as one patient phrased it“ (Kubler-Ross, 1969, p.100). A person may not get to the last stage, may be in more than on stage at once, and may slip back and forth between stages. Furthermore, persons vary in the speed of progress through the stages (Kastenbaum, 1975). お願いします。
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Another problem is that the finding was based on a conception of “intelligence” that most developmental psychologists now reject. Specifically, the finding was from studies in which a single global IQ score was the only measure of a person’s intelligence. It is now known that intelligence is not a single unitary trait, but rather consists of several distinct and relatively independent skills or abilities, such as verbal fluency and numerical ability. The fact that these abilities are relatively independent suggests that they should not be limped together into one global score. Another reason not to combine them is that they seem to depend to different degrees on heredity. Finally, and of most importance to developmental psychologists, different abilities exhibit different patterns of change through the life span. お願いします。
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Cognitive ability Old age is a time in which some cognitive powers wane, although others do not, at least not until a few years before death. Let’s examine what is known about memory and intelligence of the elderly. お願いします。
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The mature years According to a popular stereotype, the accumulated experience of the elderly makes them wise and valued advisers. However, research has shown that in fact the most highly valued adviser is the middle-aged person in the range from5 to 55 years of age. Even the old prefer the advice of the middle-aged. お願いします。
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ありがとうございます。 助かりました。