サンタクロースの起源とイメージについて
- 先日、サンタクロースについての本を貰ったが、英語が分からず理解できなかった。
- サンタクロースの起源は4世紀のトルコに住んでいた聖ニコラウスというキリスト教の司教で、彼は子供たちに金貨を与えるなど優しい存在だった。
- 時が経つにつれて、ヨーロッパ各国やアメリカで異なる要素が加わり、現代のサンタクロースとしてのイメージが形作られていった。
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先日、サンタクロースについての本？を貰ったのですが、英語が全く分からない私は 全然理解できませんでした(>_<) どうか、長いですが訳していただけたら嬉しいです A red suit and a long white bread. Big black boots and a bag full of toys. A giant sleigh pulled b eight flying reindeer. This is the image most Americans --- and now Japanese, too – have of Santa Claus. Look at this 1921 Christmas card from Finland. Carrying a pig with a ribbon around its neck seems like a strange thing for Santa to do. Is the pig a gift? It’s hard for us to say. In the next card, from 1941, it’s another pig which is pulling Santa Claus’ sleigh, instead of reindeer. You see, there is more than one way to imagine Santa Claus. We will never forget waking up to find gifts from Santa. Nowadays, children all over the world believe in Santa, no matter what religion they follow. But in the beginning, it was quite different. Most historians agree that the original Santa Claus was a Christian bishop named Saint Nicholas, who lived in Turkey in the fourth century. Saint Nicholas was said to be especially kind to children, giving them gold coins. In Scandinavian countries, pigs were thought to symbolize fertility. When the story of Saint Nicholas came to Finland, it was mixed in with their old custom of offering pigs to the gods. In this way, people from different cultures developed various original Saint Nicholas images and legends. As time went by, different European cultures added their own touches to the Saint Nicholas story. In 17th century Germany, for example, Saint Nicholas’ Day evolved from a village festival into a family event. They also introduced the idea of the season, the first tree was placed in the living room of an individual home in 1605. In the Netherlands, children were told that Saint Nicholas flew on a white house, and came down the chimney into the living room. While they were sleeping, he put gifts in their wooden shoes. Scandinavians later added the white fur we now see on his hat and coat. In Britain, Saint Nicholas was given the name Father Christmas, translated from the French “Pére Noël.” The Dutch called him Sinterklaas, from which we got the Americans name Santa Claus. In 1822 an American named Clement Clarke Moore wrote the poem, “A Visit from St. Nicholas” for his children. Here people finally began to imagine Santa Claus as a happy, elderly man in a sleigh led by eight reindeer. In the 1850s, the cartoonist Thomas Nast provided the first images of the “modern” Santa in a series of magazine illustrations. Tracing Santa’s American past is easy; he comes from the words of Moore and the imagination of Nast. 大変申し訳ございません
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赤い服に長い白いあごひげ。大きい黒い長靴とおもちゃでいっぱいの袋。8頭の空飛ぶトナカイが引く大きなそり。これが、ほとんどのアメリカ人が、－－－そして、今では、日本人も、－－－サンタクロースについて抱いているイメージです。 フィンランドからのこの1921年のクリスマス・カードを見て下さい。首の周りにリボンを巻いた豚を連れているのは、サンタがするには奇妙な事のように思えます。その豚はプレゼントでしょうか？私たちが答えるのは困難です。1941年の次のカードには、トナカイではなく、サンタクロースのそりを引くもう一匹の豚がいます。お分かりですね、サンタクロースを想像するやり方は1つではないのです。 私たちは、目を覚ましてサンタからの贈り物を見つけた事を決して忘れることはないでしょう。今日、世界中の子供たちは、信仰する宗教に関わらず、サンタを信じています。しかし、最初、それはずいぶん違っていたのです。 サンタクロースの元祖は、聖ニコラスと言う名のキリスト教の司祭で、14世紀にトルコに住んでいたと、ほとんどの歴史家の意見は一致しています。聖ニコラスは、特に子供たちに優しく、金貨を子供たちに与えたと言われています。スカンジナビア諸国では、豚は、豊穣を象徴すると考えられていました。聖ニコラスの話がフィンランドに伝わった時、それは神に豚をささげる彼らの古い風習と混ぜ合わせられました。この様にして、異なる文化を持つ人々が、様々な独自の聖ニコラスのイメージと伝説を発展させました。 時が過ぎるとともに、異なるヨーロッパの文化が、独自の感じを聖ニコラスの物語に加えました。例えば、17世紀のドイツでは、聖ニコラスの日は、村祭りから家族の行事へと進化しました。彼らはまた季節の概念も導入しました、最初の木（モミの木：fir tree?）が、1605年に、それぞれの家庭の居間に置かれました。 オランダでは、子供たちは、聖ニコラスは白い家（→馬：horse？）に乗って飛んできて、煙突を伝って今に降りてくるのだと教えられました。子供たちが眠っている間に、彼は、贈り物を彼らの木靴の中に入れたのでした。スカンジナビアの人々は、後に、私たちが今日彼の帽子やコートに目にする白い毛皮を付け加えました。イギリスでは、聖ニコラスは、フランス語の「Pére Noël」から翻訳されたファーザー・クリスマスと言う名がつけられました。オランダ人は、彼をシンテルクラス（Sinterklaas）と呼びました、ここから私たちは、アメリカのサンタクロースと言う名前を得たのでした。 1822年に、クレメント・クラーク・ムーアと言う名のアメリカ人が、「聖ニコラスの訪問」と言う詩を彼の子供たちのために書きました。ここでようやく人々は、サンタクロースを8頭のトナカイが引くそりに乗った陽気なお爺さんとしてイメージし始めました。1850年代には、トーマス・ナストと言う漫画家が、一連の雑誌の挿絵で、「現代の」サンタの最初のイメージを提供しました。サンタのアメリカでの過去をたどることは簡単です：彼はムーアの言葉とナストの想像の産物なのです。 <参考> サンタクロース http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9
関連するQ&A
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英語のサンタの本?エッセイ？の一部なんですが、英語が全くわからないので 和訳していただけないでしょうか？ Some little children doubt that Santa still lives because often their letters, for one reason or another, never seem to reach him. Nurses in hospitals know who some of these children are. Teachers in great city schools know others. Dear children of yesterday, won’t you try to seek out these trusting children of today and make sure that their letters in some way may reach Santa Claus so that “he will continue to make glad that heart of childhood”? That, I believe, is the best way of proving there is a Santa Claus, for ourselves and for the children. What will you tell your children about Santa Claus someday?
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JAPANTIMESの記事よりわからない箇所がありましたので、和訳お願いします。 Japan suffers from a severe lack of socially acceptable alternative lifestyles. A young woman facing marriage and the prospect of childbirth in Japan today is wary of the total commitment that these entail. If the marriage ends in divorce, how will she survive with her children? Enforcement of lows requiring dads to pay maintenance is notoriously lax. Japanese society is not kind to single mothers and there are precious few places for them to meet a possible new partner. Not many Japanese men will marry a woman with children ； and the society is largely intolerant of families with children from two different marriages living together. 長いですが、どなたかお答えいただけたら嬉しいです。よろしくお願いいたします。
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Santa Claus of The World Do you know a legendary character who is said to deliver presents for children at Christmas, called Santa Claus? Santa Claus is popular among children. A model of Santa Claus is a person called St.Nicolaus. As he was a pious Christian, he gave money to poor persons and helped persons in difficulties. Santa Claus we know today was originated from such a spirit. By the way, do you know that there are various Santa Claus in the world? First, I explain American Santa Claus. The characteristic of American Santa Claus, pump and cheerful, grow a while mustache, wrap the body in red and white hat and clothes with a black belt. He gets on the sled pulled by reindeers and enters a home from a stovepipe. Japanese Santa Clause thought almost same as that in America. In Australia, because this time is summer, Santa Claus wear in the short-sleeved shorts of these clothes. And a sled is pulled by kangaroos instead of reindeers. Next, I easily explain other Santa Claus. Russian Santa Claus is called Moroz. Surprisingly, once he was a bad magician who took away children and held him to presents. However, as time passed, he reformed himself and he came to distribute presents to make up for his bad behave. Spanish Santa Claus is called Befana. She is a cheerful old witch, full of curiosity for age and has been work for long time to make pleasant toys. In addition, there are some Santa Claus who varies in an appearance and character. There are Santa Claus of children, too. Why don’t you check about them who makes many people happy? 文やまとめ方が変な場合は指摘をおねがいします。言い換えた方がいいところも。 構成的に1.これから書く文の導入、２．アメリカとそれに似ているサンタについて、3.その他のサンタについて、4.まとめにしてあります。 まとめは何かけばいいか思いつかなかったのでまとまっていないと思います（汗
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ある参考書を使って、勉強していてわからない部分がありましたので、ここで、質問させてください。 In 1823, the poem "A visit from St. nicholas" began to breathe fresh life into the ancient figure of St. Nicholas. The lines evoke a jolly man who is chubby and plump. "Forty years later, we catch another glimpse of the modern santa through the memorable illustrations of Thomas Nast. He used his illustrations to depict a hearty fellow with a white beard. The modern image of Santa was finally attributable to the Coca-Cola advertisements that appeared from the 1930s. The image would alter each year to evoke a slightly defferent Santa untill the one we know and love today began to emerge. 上の文章中の The image would alter each year to evoke a slightly defferent Santa untill the one we know and love today began to emerge. の 訳が参考書では「そのイメージは、私たちが今日よく知っているお気に入りの姿が浮かぶまで、毎年少しずつ変化していたのです。」となっております。 私は、 The image would alter each year to evoke a slightly defferent Santa の部分がうまく訳できないせいか、〈たぶん、不定詞の処理ができてない〉 なぜ「」内のような訳になってるのかわかりません。どなたか、ご説明お願いのほど、よろしくお願いします。
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題名：Patterns of inheritance 前置き Follow on from Science Foundations inheritance and selection 16 Genes are in pairs. Some characteristics are controlled by one pair of genes. Different forms of a gene are called alleles. Different alleles produce diffrent features. メンデルの生い立ち Mendel was a monk in a monastery in what is now the Czech Republic. His work was published in Brunn in 1865. However, its importance was not recognised for over 35 years. 本文１ The work of Gregor Mendel Mendel worked out the pattern of inheritance of several characteristics of peas. It was lucky that he chose peas. They have lots of characteristics controlled by a single pair of genes. They are also easy to grow and cross-pollinate. まだあるのですが勝手な都合からとりあえず今はここまでとさせていただきます。 英語はめっきりなので、どうか訳お願いします。
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What is the seacret, then,of Marx's appeal for and influence and power over millions of the earth's inhabitants? Neill has suggested that Marx is "the symbolical leader of the have-nots in their struggle against the haves."Another interpretation comes from Harold Laski:"At bottom,the main passion by which he was moved was the passion for justice. He may have hated too strongly,he was jealous and he was proud. But the mainspring of his life was the desire to take from the shoulders of the people the burden by which it was oppressed. "Yet another perceptive evaluation comes from Freehof, who wrote, "The great constructive gift of Karl Marx to modern society, socialistic and capitalistic alike,is his picture of the inevitability of a society in which poverty and suffering will cease. This ideal has become a challenge to every social system. Even a social system like ours, which rejects his economics, nevertheless accepts that ideal in its own way. Thus,the man who himself lived in misery gave the world the hope for the complete abolition of poverty. This is the accomplishment of Karl Marx. That is the way in which he has changed the mind of the modern world."
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緊急で和訳お願いしたいです！ (1)What do you words,little ones, urchins, or brats tell us? Language often allows us several ways of saying the same thing.but there are very slight differences between them.Here are Mary.Susan, and Joan talking about some children playing in the next room. Mary: Listen to those little ones! Susan: Listen to those urchins! Joan: Listen to those brats! The words tell us something about the feelings of the speakers.We can guess that Mary thinks the children are really cute and sweet.Susan thinks they're a bit mischievous, and maybe they're a little dirty and not so neat.Joan thinks they're bad and they're misbehaving.If they don't want to show their feelings.of course, t can just say: Listen to those children because children is a neutral word. When words cause us to have different feelings, then we can say those words have different connotations. Little ones, urchins, and brats have different connotations. Some connotations are positive-they give us pleasant or comfortable feelings. Some connotations are negative - they give us unpleasant or uncomfortable feelings. Every language has hundreds of words which make usort think of things in an emotional way. Here are some more word-pairs which mean almost the same thing. In each case, the 'good' meaning is first and the bad' meaning is second. Tom is thrifty. Tom is stingy. Our house is cozy. Our house is cramped. He was behaving in a childlike way. He was behaving in a childish way. できるだけ速い回答をお願いします！！！
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JAPAN TIMESの記事よりわからない箇所がありました。 Japan is in dire need of role models who manage to have a large family and find happens there, of a society that makes it possible for mothers, single or attached, to work and thrive. France, for one country, is striving to create such a society, and achieved, in 2006, the highest birthrate in Europe, at 2,01 children per woman of childbearing age. In contrast,in much of southern Europe, even where government policies have aided woman,People's condescending attitudes to single mothers and children born out of wedlock have kept birthrate low. 長文でお手数おかけしますが、どなたかお答えいただけたら嬉しいです！
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As historian Richard Pipes writes, "the incompatibility of capitalism and autocracy struck all who gave thought to the matter". The first major event of the Russian Revolution was the February Revolution, which was a chaotic affair, caused by the culmination of over a century of civil and military unrest. The causes of this unrest of the common people towards the Tsar and aristocratic landowners are many and can be summarized as the ongoing cruel treatment of peasants by patricians, poor working conditions of city workers in the fledgling industrial economy and the spreading of democratic ideas from the West by political activists, leading to a growing political and social awareness of the lower classes. Dissatisfaction of proletarians was compounded by food shortages and military failures. In 1905, Russia experienced humiliating losses in its war with Japan, then Bloody Sunday and the Revolution of 1905, Tsarist troops fired upon a peaceful, unarmed crowd—further dividing Nicholas II from his people.
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The term crusade is derived from a Middle Latin cruxata, cruciata. The adjective cruciatus had been used in the sense of "marked with a cross" from the 12th century; cruciatus (also cruxatus, croxatus, crucesignatus) was used of crusaders by the mid 13th century, from their practice of attaching a cloth cross symbol to their clothing. Use of cruxata (cruciata) for "crusade, military expedition against enemies of the church" is in use by the 1280s. The French form croisade and Spanish cruzada are recorded by the 16th century. The French form of the word first appears in its historiographical sense in the 17th century[3] and it was adopted into English and German in the 18th century. The Crusades in the Holy Land are traditionally counted as nine distinct campaigns, numbered from the First Crusade of 1095–99 to the Ninth Crusade of 1271/2. This convention is used by Charles Mills in his History of the Crusades for the Recovery and Possession of the Holy Land (1820), and is often retained for convenience, even though it is somewhat arbitrary: The Fifth and Sixth Crusades led by Frederick II may be considered a single campaign, as can the Eight Crusade and Ninth Crusade led by Louis IX.
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本当にありがとうございました！ houseはhorseでした(/_;)すいません。 長文だったのでとてもお手数をおかけさせてしまったと思います。 本当に感謝しています