生物系の英語論文訳してください。 -生物系の英語論文ノニルフェノールに-

生物系の英語論文訳してください。

生物系の英語論文ノニルフェノールについての生物分解性についての論文をよんでおります。丸投げで申し訳御座いませんが、訳してくださるとうれしくおもいます。よろしくお願いいたします。 5. Conclusion The relationship between nonylphenol (NP) isomer structure and its biodegradability within the biological wastewater treatment process of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was investigated in this study. The GC–MS method was used for detecting the NP isomers existing in the SBR influent, activated sludge and effluent. The results indicated that fifteen NP isomers were detected in the SBR influent, with significant biodegradability variations among these isomers. The NP isomers associated with retention time of 10.553 min, 10.646 min, 10.774 min, and 10.906 min in the GC– MS analysis showed higher biodegradability. The isomers with retention time of 10.475 min, 10.800 min, and 10.857 min illustrated lower biodegradability, and these three NP isomers accounted for the major part of residual NP in the SBR effluent and the sludge. An increasing amount of these three NP isomers in sludge was also observed with an increasing running cycles of SBR. Through analyzing the mass spectrograms, the chemical structures of four NP isomers in the wastewater were deduced. The isomers with retention time of 10.475 min, 10.800 min, 10.857 min, and 10.774 min were identified as 4-(1,3-dimethyl- 1-propyl-butyl)phenol, 4-(1-ethyl-1,3-dimethyl-pentyl)phenol, 4- (1-ethyl-1,3,3-trimethyl-butyl)phenol, and 4-(1,1,3-trimethylhexyl) phenol, respectively. The correlation between the biodegradability of NP isomer and its structure was then examined through the calculation of the molecular connectivity index (MCI) and the biodegradation rate of the four NP isomers in the SBR. A higher correlation (with correlation coefficients of 0.9421 and 0.9085) was observed between the biodegradation rates and the MCI of 2vv and 4vv pc, where 2vv indicated the number of the branch chain and its carbon atom in the nonyl of NP, and 4vv represented the information of the nonyl length of NP. The linear correlation analysis indicated that a more complex side branch structure (such as a larger side carbon-chain branch or more branches in the nonyl) of NP isomer would lead to lower biodegradability, and a longer nonyl chain of the isomer (such as that with retention time of 10.774 min) would result in a higher biodegradability. The understanding of such NP isomer structure–biodegradability relationship would provide valuable information for investigating the environmental accumulation behavior of NP from WWTP effluent in various aquatic environments.

英論文について

The peroxide value (PV) was determined by the ferric thiocyanate method [9]. A 0.1-g oil sample was weighed and 9.7 ml ethanol added. Thus, the oil was dissolved. Next, 0.1 mL NH4SCN and 0.1 mL FeCl2 were added to the above-mentioned solution, and kept at room temperature for 5 min. Absorbance of the sample was measured at 500 nm. The results were expressed in mequiv/kg oil. TBARS (2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) was determined as described by Abuzaytoun et al. [16]. A 0.05–0.20-g oil sample was weighed into 25-mL volumetric flasks, dissolved in a small volume of 1-butanol, and made up to the mark with the same solvent. A 5.0-mL portion of this mixture was transferred into a dry test tube, and then a fresh 2-TBA reagent (5 mL of a solution of 200 mg 2-TBA in 100 mL 1-butanol) was added to it. The contents were mixed and heated in a water bath at 95 C for 2 h. The absorbance of the resultant colored complex was measured at 532 nm. The TBARS values were calculated by multiplying the absorbance reading by a factor of 0.347. This factor was determined from a standard line prepared using 1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane as a precursor of malonaldehyde (MA). The results were expressed in mmol MA equiv/g oil. The induction period of the oil samples were determined by the Metrohm Rancimat apparatus model 743 (Metrohm, Switzerland) [17]. Then, 4.0 g of each oil sample was weighed in the reaction vessel glassware. The conductimetry cells were filled with deionized water up to 90 mL. Samples were heated at 110 C and air was passed through the heated oil at a rate of 20 L/h. The induction period was determined automatically by the device and expressed in hours. The infrared spectra of the samples were recorded on a FTIR (Varian 1000 Model) system with a horizontal attenuated total reflectance (ATR) apparatus [18]. The spectrometer was equipped with a deuterated triglycine sulfate detector and purged with dry nitrogen (DuraDry, Haverhill, MA). The ATR crystal was cleaned with pure chloroform before each measurement. A 40-lL oil sample was spread as a thin layer in the ATR crystal and periodical scans (18 scans, 4 cm-1 resolution) were obtained in the spectral range of 400–4,000 cm-1 at 20-min intervals for 360 min. The induction times, i.e. the time needed for a dramatic increase in absorbance, were determined algebraically とても長い文章ですけどまったくもってわからないので教えてください。翻訳機と電子辞書を使ったのですがそれでもわからなかったので教えてください。お願いします。

英語の論文です。お願いします。

3. Experimental results Experiments were carried out by using a round spray, air atomizing nozzle (Spraying Systems Co. Series1/4J, fluid cap ]2050 and air cap ]64) and a steel ringelectrode (i.d. 24 mm, o.d. 30 mm) mounted 10mm in front of the nozzle. The nozzle produces a liquid jet of 1mm diameter and it breaks up by aerodynamic forces within the charging region. The experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 2. Ordinary tap water was used and the liquid reservoir was isolated from ground by Teflon plates. The nozzle–target region was enclosed in a cylindrical screen electrode 1m in diameter. The charge flow in the system was identified as nozzle current (I1), electrode current (I2), target current (I3) and drift current (I4). Charge conservation requires that I1 ¼ I2 þ I3 þ I 4: The system was tested through a range of parameters: air pressure 30–50 psi, liquid flow rate 56 ml/min and voltage 1–10 kV. The results presented here are representative values. Two typical conditions are shown: (1) nozzle-to-target distance x ¼ 0:2m; where the space charge is small; (2) x ¼ 1:0m; where the space charge is significant. The results are shown in Fig. 3.

構造科学の論文

構造科学の論文を読んでいるのですが、英語も構造科学も苦手なので、論文の意味が分かりません。一部を載せられても訳すことはできないかもしれませんが、下記の文を和訳していただけませんでしょうか？よろしくお願いします。 We attempted to crystallize both forms, but only the trimeric NP formed crystals. The crystals showed heavy twining with a twin fraction of ,0.43 and the reflection intensity statistic ｜E2-1｜ 0.681/0.681. Initial phases were obtained in a space group of P321 using the multiple wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) with Samarium derivative. The true space group was P3 with three subunits in an asymmetric unit. The structure was refined to a resolution of 1.80A˚ with de-twining. The crystal structures do not contain RNA, indicating that only RNA-free NP was able to form crystals.

英語論文の翻訳、長いですがお願いします。

Protocols for the exercise and control groups Men randomized to the exercise group entered a progressive resistance lower extremity weight training and aerobic conditioning program at the ZVAMC Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Center . Weight training was conducted on a multipurpose weight machine (Marcy Gymnasinm Equipment Co . ) and aerobic conditioning was completed on stationary Air Dyne or cycle ergometers (Air Dyne & Ergo Metric Exercisor Models by Schwinn). Weight measurements were determined with a 23-kg load cell (Sensotec 31/143) and appropriate instrumentation (Sensotec HH). Exercise sessions were conducted 3 days a week for 12 wk totaling 36 sessions. Each session lasted between 45 and 75 min depending on the number of participants. All missed sessions were made up at a later date unless continuation was not possible because of medical or personal problems. Heart rates were continuously monitored by telemetry (Transkinetics TEM-4100)during the exercise sessions and estimated average heart rates were recorded during aerobic training. Each exercise session included : (1)a warm up of leisurely cycling for 3-5min , (2) aerobic exercise on either the Air Dyne or cycle ergometer, (3) strength training and (4) a warm down of cycling for 3-5 min. The aerobic exercise was performed for a duration of 20 min at a target heart rate of >70% of the exercise stress-tested maximal heart rate. The strength training was performed on the hip flexors, hip extensors, hip abductors, knee extensors and ankle plantar flexors. The hip muscle groups were exercised in succession with a standard weight and pulley system attached by a Velcro strap to the ankle with the subjects in a standing position. Four maneuvers were required for each extremity, totaling eight different hip exercise. To exercise the knee extensors, the subjects were required to lift the training weight from a sitting position with 90°of knee flexion to full knee extension using both knees simultaneously. The ankle plantar flexors were exercise with the subjects standing, holding the training weight with arms and back straight, and rising from the foot flat position to maximum, defined as the most weight a subject could lift through a full range of motion one time, was determined for each of the muscle groups before the first exercise session. At the first session, the weight load was set at 40 to 60% of the one repetition maximum so tha the subjects could complete 10 repetitions. Sequential load adjustments were made in subsequent sessions to maintain a maximal fatigue level after completion of the 10 repetitions. The subjects rotated to three weight stations performing one set of 10 repetitions for each of the hip muscle groups and two sets of 10 repetitions for both the knee extensors and ankle plantar flexors. The order of weight training exercise varied depending on preference and station availability. Subjects assigned to the control group received usual care within the NHCU during the study period. When indicated , this care included maintenance physical therapy. No dietary limitations were imposed on either group. After completion of the study period, a subset of the control subjects in either group. After completion of the study period, a subset of the control subjects crossed over to the exercise group. Subjects in either group requiring hospitalization secondary to a medical illness were dropped from the study. よろしくお願いします

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Experience of the Exercise Group Compliance The eight exercise group subjects completed all 36 sessions. However, before completing all exercise sessions, total of 16 sessions were missed accounting for an overall compliance rate of ～95%. The average heart rate of 103 beats /min, achieved during stationary crying, equaled 82%of the exercise stress-tested maximal heart rate and 70% of the age-predicted maximal heart rate. The exercise participants used the Air-Dyne model cycle ergometers 85% of the time and the Ergo-Metric models the remaining 15%. Because of the added upper extremity exercise provided by the reciprocal arm movements, the subjects achieved higher average heart rates and were encouraged to use the Air-Dyne model cycle ergometers. Safety and intercurrent Illness The exercise program was safe with no apparent adverse side effects and no session were missed because of musculoskeletal complications. None of the subjects dropped out because of dissatisfaction with the program. Twp participants, both in the exercise group, were forced to withdraw from the study because of intercurrent illnesses. Results of testing at the end of the exercise program Compasidon of the first to the last exercise sessions showed that each of the men participating in the exercise program increased the amount of weight lifted in the 10 repetition maximum. Baseline weight lifted averaged 7.6 lbs for the hip muscle groups, 28 lbs for the knee extensors and 46 lbs for the ankle plantar flexors. The increase in weight lifted over the course of the study averaged 7.3 lbs (99%) for the hip muscle groups, 21lbs(81%) for the knee extensors and 37 lbs (80%) for the ankle plantar flexors. Although one repetition maximum values were measured before the first exercise session, they were not repeated at the end of the exercise program. The control subjects did not undergo baseline weight measurement determinations. Table 3 provides information regarding each of the before and after variables measured in the exercise group. The mean increase in tinetti mobility scores of+3.37 was significant (P<0.05), with each subject scoring higher after completion of the exercise program. The tinetti scale was divided into three parts, consisting of strength items (12 points), items combining strength and balance (6 points) and items that were primarily related to balance (16 points). Increases in items primarily related to strength were significant (P<0.01), while increases in balance-related item approached significance (P<0.06). Table2&3 Isokinetic strength measurements that increased significantly included overall strength combining the individual muscle group measurements (P<0.01), combined right and left quadriceps strength (P<0.05) and right- and left- handed muscular endurance (P<0.05). left quadriceps strength improvements approached, but did not achieve significance (P<0.07). post-strengthening measurements of gait and balance revealed significant improvements in left-sided stride length (P<0.005), left gait velocity (P<0.01) and average stride length (P<0.005) and velocity (P<0.05). no significant changes occurred for the other measured parameters including V02 max and balance. Experience of the control group The results for the control group can be found in Table 4. All control subjects completed the testing protocol without complications. No outcome variable improved significantly at the end of the 12-wk control period with the exception of the combined hamstring strength (P<0.05). Between group comparisons Table 5 compares the magnitude of change between the before and after test measurements in the exercise U the control group. Differences of significance included the tinetti mobility scores (P<0.005), left stride length (P<0.05), left velocity (P<0.05), average stride length (P<0.05) and average velocity (P<0.05). よろしくお願いします。 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1466871

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Results Results of the recruitment process The study group were drawn from a population that consisted of 200 predominantly male subjects residing at the ZVAMC NHCU from October 1989 to October 1990. The recruitment period extended from October 1989 to June 100 and the exercise program was conducted from January to October of 1990. The inclusion and exclusion criteria shown in Table 1 were applied to the study population. Independent ambulation, requiring no supervision with or without an assistive device, was a prerequisite for study consideration. Because of this criterion, 112 of the NHCU residents were excluded from the study. Another 60 residents were omitted because of significant illness, dementia, leg amputation or dependence on an assistive device for ambulation. Of the remaining 28 subjects, 5were excluded because they scored above the predetermined cut off point on the Tinetti mobility assessment scale; it was felt these individuals were too functional to derive significant benefit from the intervention program. Of the 23 remaining subjects, 15 provided informed consent. Because of resource and supervisory limitation only three to four individuals could reasonably participate in the exercise sessions at any one time. Consequently, only 12 of the potential 15 subjects were actually able to participate in the study. Six subjects joined the exercise group and six the control group. After completion of the control protocol, four of the control subjects then participated in and completed the exercise protocol. Of the original subjects in the exercise group two were forced to total of eight subjects in the exercise group protocol. Selected characteristics of the subjects are described in Table 2. No significant differences were noted between the initial profiles of the exercise and control groups, although weight, length of stay and number of major diagnoses demonstrated more variability than age, height and number of scheduled medications. Baseline Testing of the Exercise and Control Subhects Baseline data for the participants who completed the study indicated that their initial scores for strength, work capacity and gait were substantially lower than age-specific nomal values recorded in the literature30 31 33.the participants demonstrated deficiencies of 21% for tinetti mobility skills, 62% for gait velocity and 56% for stride length. The exercise and the control groups were not significantly different with regard to their profile of baseline deficiencies in these functional capacities. タイプミスあったらすみません。 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1466871

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Exercise stress testing was performed with a 1 or 2 mph Balke protocol. If the subjects could not ambulate on treadmill even at the slowest speed , exercise capacity was assessed with leg cycle ergometry 32. This protocol consisted of 3-min stages, beginning at 150 kpm and increasing 150 kpm/stage. The subjects were instructed to maintain a rate of 50 rpm with the exception of the maximal effort stage. Oeygen consumption (Vo2) was measured during each minute of exercise by open circuit spirometry. Fait and balance measurements were obtained using a modification of the method of Murray et al 33. The measured gait variables included: stride length, velocity, stance time, duration and cadence. Gait measurements were obtained by a videotape motion analysis system. Kinematic(time and distance)measurements of sagittal place movements and kinetic (reaction force )parameters were measured during level walking by using digitized video analysis (Motion Analysis Corp.) and the Kistler force plate, which was mounted in the walkway. Two-dimensional walking patterns were videotaped with normal room light by using two video cameras, one for observational purposes and one for kinematic analysis. Retroreflentive markers were taped to nine standard body landmarks: head, shoulder, tip, iliac crest, second sacral vertebra, knee, ankle, heel and the fifth metatarsal head. A minimum of four gait cycles were videotaped for each subject in each direction with the arms at the side and then crossed, while wearing low-heeled shoes. A gait cycle is the time period from heel strike to heel strike of the same limb as subjects traveled ～20 feet in direction across the walkway. If the subject fatigued while walking, he was allowed to sit and rest. Data ware analyzed on the IBM-AT computer using Expert Vision System software. Kinematic measurements for three representative gait cycles were averaged per side per subject. Under standardized conditions, videotapes of two two-dimensional walking patterns were patterns were obtained with two digital cameras. To identify body landmarks for digital processing of video images, retroreflective markers were taped to the body to identify eight standard landmarks: head, shoulder, hip, knee, ankle, heel, the fifth metatarsal head and a line which bisected the anterior and superior iliac spines. A minimum of four gait cycles were videotaped for each subject in each direction with the arms at the sides and then crossed. The digitized data were averaged for each of the measured gait variables. For postural stability and steadiness testing, the subjects were asked to stand quietly in a comfortable stance near the center of a Kistler force platform, with arms at the side, and look straight ahead at a visual reference for 30 s. Approximately 2nin after the eyes-open trial, the procedure was repeated with eyes closed. The force plate amplifiers were sampled at 100 Hz. The last 20 s of the 30-s trial were analyzed. The x, y and z axial forces platform were used to calculate the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral canter-of-pressure time series. The average distance from the geometric mean center-of-pres-sure and the total excursions of total distance traveled by the center-of pressure were calculated. すみません…お願いします。

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Reliability testing The intrarater correlation coefficient for the Tinetti mobility assessment was 0.92 when 15 randomly selected subjects from the NHCU were tested and retested within72 h. Correlation coefficients of 0.90 and 0.86 were achieved for intrarater isokinetic strength strength and endurance mueasurements when study subjevts underment repeated testing within 48 to 72 h. Statistical analysis P values, based on two-tailed matched-pair tests, were calculated for comparisons between the before and after study period date. P values based on two-tailed, unequal-variance independent sample T tests were calculated for comparisons of the response variables between the exercise and control groups. Significance was assumed to be at the P<0.05 level. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated for intrarater and inter-rater reliability for both the Tinetti mobility assessment and for the isokinetic muscle testing. よろしくお願いします。

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The Vo2 max did not rise significantly despite increases in leg strength and muscular endurance. Potential reasons for this lack improvement are the complex interaction of multiple disease processes, inadequate duration or intensity of training or the diminished end organ response to exercise training in the frail elderly. The exercise subjects did on average maintain an adequate heart rate response during aerobic training, achieving 82% of their exercise-tested maximal heart rate 35. The duration of 20 min three times weekly may have been suboptimal, with some authors recommending 30 min of aerobic training three times weekly for elderly individuals 36 37. Twenty minutes is considered to be the minimal time necessary to obtain an aerobic response 38. These results are consistent with the conclusion of vase et al 34. That it is difficult to improve aerobic capacity in mild to moderately impaired and deconditioned nursing home residents. In addition, it must be noted that attainment of an accurate Vo2 max depends heavily on subjective factors such as muscle fatigue, perceived exhaustion, level of motivation and the examiner’s willingness to allow subjects to reach exhaustion. A true Vo2 max may therefore be difficult to obtain in the frail elderly. The leg muscle frequently reach exhaustion before the cardiopulmonary system attains its maximal capacity and a valid Vo2 max is never achieved 36. Clinical mobility scores, as measured by the modified tinetti assessment scale, did improve significantly. Whether the improved Tinetti scores would be associated with improved activities of daily living or a decreased incidence of falls in the treated men remains to be learned. One participant in the exercise program who initially required the assistance of his arms to stand from a chair was able to the program. The two subjects who routinely used a cane or walker for added stability during ambulation continued to do so after completion of the exercise program. Although quantitative gait measurements demonstrated significant improvements in left-sided stride length and velocity with lesser increases in right-side stride length and velocity, other gait characteristics, namely stance time, gait duration and cadence, did not change significantly. Furthermore, balance measurements of total excursion revealed no significant changes with the eyes open or closed. These observations suggest that neurologic impairment may have been a more important cause than muscle weakness in causing the ambulatory difficulty of the subjects studied. On the other hand, exercise of greater intensity or longer duration requires testing before a coutributory role of weakness can be excluded. The finding of insignificant balance changes is consistent with results obtained in prior studies すみません… お願いします。

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The intervention was found to be acceptable and safe for the selected were missed because of exercise-in-duced musculoskeletal complaints, nor did any subjects drop out because of dissatisfaction with the program. Medical illness requiring hospitalization did cause two participants to withdraw, illustrating the role of intercurrent illness as a cause of deconditioning and progressive debilitation 34. The conclusion that the intervention was only partially effective is based on the evaluation of five types of outcome variables. Strength, endurance and gait improved significantly, but left the treated patients still considerably below age-matched healthy individuals in these respects. Aerobic work capacity and balance were not improved by the 12wk of exercise. The participants in the exercise program did increase their lower extremity muscle strength. The isotonic strength measurements increased symmetrically, whereas the isokinetic strength measure ments revealed left-side gains to be greater than those on the right. In addition to strength, both right and left lower extremity muscular endurance improved significantly. At the end of the exercise program, however, the average scores for strength and endurance were still only about 65% of age-matched normal values. すみません… お願いします

生物論文を和訳２

下記の英文を訳してください 1)There is a residue on each chain every 3・4 A.in the z-direc-tion.We have assumed an angle of 36゜ between structure repeats after 10 residues on each chain,that is,after 34 A. The distance of a phophates atom from the fibre axis is 10 A. As the phophates are on the outside,cations have easy access to them. 2)The structure is an open nne,and its water contents we would expect the bases to tilt so that the structure could become more compact. 3)The novel feature of the structure is the manner in which the two chains are held together by the purine and pyrimidine bases.The planes of the bases are perpendicular to the fibre axis.They are joined together in pairs,a single base from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single bases from the other chain,so that the two lie side by side with identical z-co-ordinates.One of the pair must be a purine and the other a pyrimidine for bonding to occur.

英語の文章を訳して下さい。

The Battle of Koprukoy was part of the Caucasus Campaign during World War I between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, and occurred as the Russians were advancing to Erzurum. The Russians achieved total surprise and broke through the Ottoman defenses, sending the Third Army retreating towards Erzurum. The Third Army was well positioned. There were two lines of defenses, carefully positioned to take advantage of the terrain, with wire obstacles to impede the attackers covered by machine guns backed up by artillery. The weakness of the position was a lack of reserves to deal with a break-through by the Russian Army.

生物論文の和訳

下記の論文を訳してください 2)The structure is an open nne,and its water contents we would expect the bases to tilt so that the structure could become more compact. 3)The novel feature of the structure is the manner in which the two chains are held together by the purine and pyrimidine bases.The planes of the bases are perpendicular to the fibre axis.They are joined together in pairs,a single base from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single bases from the other chain,so that the two lie side by side with identical z-co-ordinates.One of the pair must be a purine and the other a pyrimidine for bonding to occur.

英語を日本語に翻訳してください。（翻訳ソフトNG）

They also used a mouse to move and point to positions on the screen, making applications lids to use. However, these two computers were incompatible with IBM standard and even with the Apple II. Lisa Computer was soon dropped mostly because it was expensive, ($10,000). The Macintosh too was loosing momentum because of limited software and low performance. By 1984, the company was in crisis. A few months before Lisa and Macintosh introduction, Apple hired John Sculley as its president and CEO. He was then 44 and previously president of Pepsi’s beverage operations, where he was in charge of marketing and advertising. At Apple, Scu11ey’s job was to provide the operational expertise and Steve Jobs the technical direction and vision. But Jobs had to resign from Apple in 1985 a dispute with Sculley and App1e’s board of directors. Apple introduced a new Mac between 1986 and 1990 that matched the newest IBM personal computers in speed and sales exploded (see Exhibit 1). The important thing with this new Mac was char, it offered superior software and a variety of peripherals (e.g., laser printers) and that gave apple a great advantage in the market - the easiest computer to use in the industry with unmatched capabilities at desktop publishing. The strategy adopted by Apple as the only manufacturer of its hardware made and software made the company very Profitable in the By 1990, Apple had more than $1 billion in cash and more I than $5.5 billion in sales. Return on Equity was at 32 percent and was one of the best in the industry. Market share was at 10 percent.

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Discussion The aim of the study was to evaluate the applicability, safety and effectiveness of the exercise intervention program for the population of this VA nursing home. The results indicated limited applicability, high acceptability and safety and partial effectiveness. Only～10% of the male residents of the ZVAMC NHCU were found to be candidates for the moderate to high-intensity exercise program employed in this study. Furthermore, only two of three qualified candidates consented to participate. The resulting estimate that only ～8% of the male residents were cadidates for the exercise intervention should, however, be considered a lower limit. Other appropriate candidates may have been excluded during the screening process because of the rigid criteria. The largest number of independent ambulators who were excluded from the study consisted of individuals requiring an assistive device. Of this group many fad suffered a previous stroke or hip fracture resulting in asymmetrical focal deficits. Certainly some of these individuals were physically capable of participating. Individuals with Parkinson’s disease or other early forms of progressive illness, although excluded by the screening criteria, may also have been able to participate in the study and may have benefited from the program. すみませんお願いします http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1466871

英語の生物の和訳です。

1.4 DNA structure and function DNA is huge ladder-like molecule made up of sugar , phosphate and four organic bases called Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine.The bases will only join up in the pairs A to T and G to C. The two halves of the ladder can also un-zip between the pairs of bases.They do this: (a) At mitosis: each half ladder forms the other half on itself.So two ladders,which are identical, result.This is the reason why a chromosome that splits in mitosis forms two identical chromosomes. (b) When genes make proteins: each half ladder forms a related substance, RNA(very similar to DNA) on it.This then detaches, passing to the ribosomes.RNA carries the sequence of bases that were in the DNA.Each three letter ‘word’(triplet),e.g.AGC attracts particular amino acid to the ribosome. The sequence of the hundreds of triplets is what determines the kind of protein formed at the ribosomes-each protein has its own unique DNA sequence. Thus a length of DNA with its own unique sequence is a gene; and a gene is what is used to make its own, unique,protein by linking a particular sequence of amino acids together at ribosome. The‘ladder’structure of DNA is in fact turned into a spiral(double helix) thread,with 10 base pairs per complete 360°turn.This has little to do with the function of DNA but it was a crucial fact, discovered by Franklin, Wilkins, Watson and Crick, in determining its structure. かなり長いですがお願いします。すごく急いでます。

生物論文を和訳3

下記の英文を訳してください 1) The hydrogen bonds are made as follows:purine position 1 to pyrimidine position 1; purine position 6 to pyrimidine position 6. 2)If it is assumed that the bases only occur in the structure in the most plausible tautmeric forms (that is,with the keto rather than the enol configurations)it is found that only specific pairs of bases can bond together.These pairs are:adenine(purine) with thymine(pyrimidine), and guanine(purine) with cytosine(pyrimidine).

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The gains in muscle strength, stride length and gait velocity were greater in the left leg than in the right leg. All study participants were right side dominant. The most plausible explanation for the consistently greater nondominant side improvements is that the left lower extremity may have been subject to greater disuse atrophy than the right lower extremity. The finding of asymmetrical left lower extremity strength improvement in conjunction with left stride length and velocity improvement supports the work of Bassey et al 20. Correlating muscle strength to customary gait velocity. The percentage improvements in strength, tinetti mobility score, stride length and stride velocity were only 6,10,5 and 3% of the baseline values, respectively. These changes appeared to be small in relationship to the baseline deficiencies of 62% for strength, 71% for tinetti score, 56% for stride length and60% for gait velocity. Such changes are likely not trivial, however, because increases in gait speed of the magnitude produced by the present exercise program have proven to be predictors of eventual independent mobility in poorly mobile subjects 39. It is also possible that the type of exercise utilized in this particular study, but with greater intensity or longer duration, could magnify the gains. Finally, it needs to be emphasized that the inclusion/exclusion criteria for the study, in addition to the complexity of the protocol, resulted in an extremely small sample size. The small group of subjects may not have been representative of the entire ZVAMC NHCU population. These considerations limit the general izability of the study’s conclusions. 最後です。;; すみませんお願い致します…

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訳して頂けたら助かります。 Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides forming molecular inclusion complexes with a wide range of hydrophobic molecules. The ability to allocate active molecules into the oligosaccharide hydrophobic core offers several opportunities in drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability optimization (1-3). However, aside from ç-cyclodextrins, which have been used in parenteral drug administration, systemic application of natural cyclodextrins, namely R- and â-cyclodextrins, entails the risk of toxic effects such as hemolysis and nephrotoxicity (4-5). Aimed at reducing the toxicity and enhancing the biopharmaceutical properties of cyclodextrins, semisynthetic derivatives were prepared by introduction of hydroxyalkyl or sulfoalkyl functions or by conjugation to water-soluble polymers (3, 6). Although cyclodextrins possess interesting properties for delivery of therapeutics with high pharmacological activity, low therapeutic index, and poor physicochemical properties, they cannot be used for active drug targeting because they are devoid of any specificity for biological structures. To exploit cyclodextrins as targetable drug delivery systems, the oligosaccharide structure should be properly functionalized with targeting moieties such as peptides, hormones, vitamins, antibody fragments, etc. Folic acid is a vitamin that binds selectively the folate receptor (FR), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface receptor that is overexpressed in many human tumors, including ovarian, endometrial, colorectal, breast, lung, renal, neuroendocrine carcinomas, and brain metastases (7). Upon receptor interaction, the folic acid-FR complex is taken up by cells and moves through many organelles involved in endocytic trafficking, providing for cytosolic disposition (8). The folate receptor mediated endocytosis was largely investigated to expand the therapeutic value of drugs by increasing delivery to the target tissue as well as the target/nontarget tissue ratio. Examples of targetable drug delivery carriers functionalized by folic acid conjugation include radionuclide deferoxamine-folate complexes for radiopharmaceutical imaging, liposome-folate encapsulated drugs, liposome-folate encapsulated polylysine- DNA, cytotoxin-folate conjugates and folic acid decorated nanoparticles (9-13). Recently, we synthesized a new targetable drug delivery system by folic acid conjugation to â-cyclodextrins through a 700 Da poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacer arm. Preliminary studies demonstrated that the derivative possesses suitable properties for drug delivery: high solubility, ability to form inclusion complexes with few drug models, and negligible hemolytic activity (14). In the present study the biological and biopharmaceutical properties of the new β-cyclodextrin-PEG-folic acid bioconjugate were investigated. The affinity of the bioconjugate for the immobilized folate binding protein (FBP) and for the cell membrane folate receptor was determined by Biacore and cultured tumor folate receptor overexpressing KB cells, respectively. The ability of the conjugate to be taken up by folate receptor overexpressing and nonexpressing cells was also investigated, and its intracellular localization was determined.

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