デバリューションの収入への影響とは？
- デバリューションの収入への影響は曖昧です。
- マーシャル・ラーナー条件に依存する増加した純輸出収入があっても、不利な貿易条件の影響により国民収入は減少します。
- 国民収入が上昇しても、収入の増加が経常収支への影響は明確ではありません。これは吸収の限界価値に依存します。吸収の限界価値が1より小さい場合、増加した純輸出によって引き起こされる収入の増加が吸収を上回るため、経常収支が改善されます。
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自分で訳してみると内容はなんとなく分かるのですが、いざ日本語で書いてみようとするとうまく訳せず、訳せても日本語として成立していない（不自然な）文章になってしまいます。 多少、意訳が入っても結構ですので、どなたか和訳をお願いいたします。 Overall, the effects of a devaluation on the income of the devaluing country are ambiguous. Even if there are increased net exports earnings (which relies on the Marshall-Lerner condition being fulfilled) the negative terms of trade effect works to reduce national income. Even if income rises overall, it is still not clear what the implications of a or in income are for the current account, as this will depend upon the value of the marginal propensity to absorb. If this is less than unity then an increase in income generated by the increase in net exports leads to an improvement in the current account because income rises by more than absorption.
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概して、平価の切り下げが、その国の歳入面にどれほどの影響を与えるか、はっきりしない。貿易収支が増すようなことがあるにせよ（それはつまり、マーシャル・ラーナー条件が満たされているということだ）、交易条件効果の否定的な側面が、国民所得を縮小する働きをする。全般的に所得が増えたにせよ、経常収支に対する歳入の影響となると、それは、限界吸収性向の価値に依存するものであるから、なお不透明性が残る。もしもこの価格弾性値が１以下の条件なら、貿易収支の増大によってもたらされる所得の増加は、経常収支を改善する。なぜなら、歳入はより大きな吸収によってもたらされるからである。 申し訳ありませんが、専門の知識がほぼ皆無なので、専門の方から見ると、とんでもない訳文になっている可能性があります。 less than unit は、「マーシャル・ラーナー条件」における輸出と輸入の「価格弾力性」の指標となる数値が１以下で条件を満たす、ということをネットで見たので、その意味に取りましたが、大間違いであればご容赦願います。
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- 和訳をお願いします。
自分で訳してみると内容はなんとなく分かるのですが、いざ日本語で書いてみようとするとうまく訳せず、訳せても日本語として成立していない（不自然な）文章になってしまいます。 多少、意訳が入っても結構ですので、どなたか和訳をお願いいたします。 If, however, the marginal propensity to absorb is greater than unity then the increased income would lead to an even bigger rise in absorption resulting in a worsening of the current account. Although one may think that the marginal propensity to absorb will be less than unity this need not be the case. Alexander(1952) speculated that unemployed workers who obtain jobs are likely to have a high propensity to consume and that an increase in income may well stimulate a great deal of investment. Workers who obtain jobs may well be decide to spend more than their income by borrowing against future prospective income.
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自分なりに訳してみたものの、意味がつながらず、不自然な文章になってしまい困っています。英語が出来る方がいらっしゃいましたら意訳が含まれても結構ですので、和訳してください。お願いします。 Clearly a relevant if the economy is at less than full employment is whether a devaluation is likely to raise or lower national income. If the marginal propensity to absorb is less than unity then a rise in income will raise the income to absorption ratio and so improve the current account. Whereas, if income were to fall this would raise the absorption to income ratio (as absorption would fall by less than income) which would worsen the current account. There are two important effects on income that need to be examined, the employment effect and the terms of trade effect.
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間違いや日本語として不自然な点がご指摘お願いします。 Of course, if the economy is at a position of full employment, an increase in income is not possible. In this instance for a devaluation to improve the current deficit would require a reduction in direct absorption. Income changes are only one of the factors influencing the current account, the other effect that we need to consider is the impact on direct absorption. もちろん、経済が完全雇用の位置にあるならば、収入を増やすことは不可能である。 この経常収支の赤字を改善するために平価切り下げをする場合、直接吸収を必要とする。 収入の変化は経常収支、直接吸収への影響であると考える必要がある他の影響に影響している要因のわずか１つである。
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国連の世界貿易レポートを読んでいるのですが、イマイチ理解できません。 大変長い文章ですが、和訳していただけませんでしょうか。 どうかよろしくお願いします。 Thus, while developing countries (25 per cent) have a lower share of foreign value added than the world average (28 per cent), their foreign value added share is significantly higher than in the United States and Japan – or than in the EU, if only external trade is taken into account. Among developing economies, the highest shares of foreign value added in trade are found in East and South-East Asia and in Central America (including Mexico), where processing industries account for a significant part of exports. Foreign value added in exports is much lower in Africa, West Asia, South America and in the transition economies, where natural resources and commodities exports with little foreign inputs tend to play an important role. The lowest share of foreign value added in exports is found in South Asia, mainly due to the weight of services exports, which also use relatively fewer foreign inputs. The average foreign value added share of exports and the degree of double counting in global exports of an industry provide a rough indication of the extent to which industries rely on internationally integrated production networks, as it proxies the extent to which intermediate goods and services cross borders until final consumption of the industry’s output. Clearly, GVCs do not equate with industries. A value chain for a given product may incorporate value added produced by many different industries (e.g. manufactured products incorporate value added from services industries). The global average shares by industry of foreign value added ignore the fact that each industry may be part of and contribute to many different value chains. The value and share of developing-country exports that depend on GVCs, because of either upstream links (foreign value added in exports) or downstream links (exports that are incorporated in other products and re-exported) is quite significant (figure IV.8). East and South-East Asia remains the region with the highest level of GVC participation, reflecting its primacy as the most important region for exportoriented manufacturing and processing activities. Central America (including Mexico) also has a high participation rate, but whereas it ranked equal with South-East Asia in terms of foreign value added in exports, it has a lower downstream participation rate, reflecting the fact that it exports relatively more to the United States domestic market rather than for onward exports.
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和訳をお願いします。アメリカの401Kの解約についてです。 「If you decide to take the money out of your account as a cash payment payable to you directly, there are taxes to be withheld from the taxable portion. Distributions of pre-tax contributions, as well as any earnings on contributions, are subject to 20% mandatory federal income tax withholding. There may also be state and local income taxes to be withheld. You may have to pay an extra 10% early withdrawal penalty of the taxable portion of the payment if you are under the age of 59 1/2. Form 1099-R will be mailed to you by January 31st of the year following your distribution to report the income on your tax return. 」 どなたか、よろしくお願い致します。
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国連の世界貿易レポートを読んでいるのですが、イマイチ理解できません。 大変長い文章ですが、和訳していただけませんでしょうか。 どうかよろしくお願いします。 As noted above, GVC participation – or the role that individual countries play in international production networks – is driven by many different factors, from size of the economy to industrial structure and level of industrialization, composition of exports and positioning in value chains, policy elements, and others. As a result, countries with very different characteristics may be very similar in the ranking of GVC participation (figure IV.9). The GVC participation of many countries relates substantially to GVC interactions within their respective regions. Instead of a global reach, most value chains have a distinctive regional character, as shown in figure IV.10. North and Central American value chain links are especially strong, as are intra- European Union ones. The largest extraregional bilateral GVC flows are between Germany and the United States, China and Germany, and Japan and the United States, in that order. The share of global value added trade captured by developing economies is increasing rapidly. It grew from about 20 per cent in 1990, to 30 per cent in 2000, to over 40 per cent in 2010. As a group, developing and transition economies are capturing an increasing share of the global value added trade pie (figure IV.11). As global trade grows, developed economies appear to rely increasingly on imported content for their exports, allowing developing countries to add disproportionately to their domestic value added in exports. Some of the larger emerging markets, such as India, Brazil, Argentina and Turkey, have relatively low GVC participation rates. These countries may have lower upstream participation levels, both because of the nature of their exports (natural resources and services exports tend to have less need for imported content or foreign value added) and because larger economies display a greater degree of self-sufficiency in production for exports. They may also have lower downstream participation levels because of a focus on exports of so-called final-demand goods and services, i.e. those not used as intermediates in exports to third countries. Investment and trade are inextricably intertwined. Much of trade in natural resources is driven by large cross-border investments in extractive industries by globally operating TNCs. Market-seeking foreign direct investment (FDI) by TNCs also generates trade, often shifting arm’slength trade to intra-firm trade. Efficiency-seeking FDI, through which firms seek to locate discrete parts of their production processes in low-cost locations, is particularly associated with GVCs; it increases the amount of trade taking place within the international production networks of TNCs and contributes to the “double counting” in global trade flows discussed in this report.
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下の文を和訳していただけませんか？ If you are young, aging parents may not be your biggest concern, but they are a mojor concern for the governmental, social, and financial leaders of the world, particularly for those in japan. The parcentage of people over age 65 is increasing worldwide, from about 7 percent in 2005 to a predicted 15 percent by 2005. Japan already has one of the largest over-65 populations. According to population projections prepared by the Statistics Bureau of Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, 22.5 percent of the Japanese population was expected to be 65 or older in 2010. They expect that number ti increase to 33.2 percent by 2040, resulting in Japan having the largest percentage of over 65-year-old in the world. What effects will such an enormous number of elderly people have on society.
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間違っている箇所や不自然な訳し方をしているところがありましたら、ご指摘お願いします。 We have seen that the absorption approach, like the elasticity approach, does not provide an unambiguous answer to the question of whether a devaluation leads to an improvement in the current account. At issue is how economic agents respond to the change in relative prices that is implied by a devaluation. The two analyses are not alternative theories, but rather provide complementary insights into the processes at work. Although, the two models are comparative static in nature, they both point to the importance of dynamic forces and a time dimension to the eventual outcome. Demand elasticities are higher in the long run than in the short run, leading to a possible J-curve effect and the effects of a devaluation on income and absorption will be spread over time. Even in these simple models, it is seen that there are likely to be a variety of forces at work. No doubt even greater ambiguity would emerge as a result of including time lags, wealth effects and an explicit treatment of expectations. アブソープションアプローチが弾力性アプローチのように、平価切り下げが経常収支の改善につながるかどうかという問題の明確な答えはない。 問題となるのは、経済代理人がどのように、切り下げによってほのめかされる相対的な価格の変化に応じるのかということです。２つの分析は代替の理論ではなく、プロセスに働く補完的な洞察が生じます。２つのモデルは自然に静的に比較されますが、これらは両方とも最終的な結果として動的な力と時間の規模の重要性を指します。需要弾力値は短期間よりも長期的に見た方が高く、Ｊカーブ効果の可能性につながっています、そして、収入と消費に関する切り下げの影響は時間とともに広げられます。これらの単純なモデルにおいてさえ、様々な焦点が影響に働きます。間違いなく、さらに大きなあいまいさは、結果として時間差や富裕効果と明白な処置が出てきます。
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Furthermore, ρ is the density of the planet and is taken to be 4.45g/cm^3 according to Lewis. The values of r_p/h are tabulated in Table I for various regions from the Sun. It is to be noticed that the planetary radius decreases as the increase in the distance from the Sun in the system of units adopted here. Orbital calculations are performed by means of the 4th order Runge-Kutter-Gill method with an accuracy of double precision. よろしくお願いします。
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It appears that we can have the capacity to monitor more than one chain of speech at once, though it may not be possible for us to monitor both to the same degree, or for us to have full conscious awareness of the content of both. We are also able to attend selectively to one conversation, even if there are loud competing conversations in the background, by extracting the relevant information from the complex signal of mixed speech. 以上２文よろしくお願いします。
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参考にさせていただきました。ありがとうございます。 自分でもこのテキストを読むにあたってマーシャル・ラーナー条件について調べてみたのですが、同じような解釈をしています。 もともと経済のことはサッパリですので英文を訳していただけただけでも十分に助かります。