The Impact of Epidemics and Pandemics on Human History
- Epidemics and pandemics have shaped human history, causing widespread death and suffering. From the Black Death in Europe to the recent SARS outbreak, diseases have wreaked havoc on populations.
- Improvements in sanitation and medicine have helped control epidemics in developed countries, but underdeveloped nations continue to suffer from diseases like cholera.
- The rise of antibiotic resistance poses a new threat, with superbugs like MRSA becoming a major danger in hospitals.
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次の英語の問題の答え合わせをお願いします。（※専門用語があります。）
本文を読み，パラグラフの（ ）の中に１つ単語を埋めなさい。 パラグラフは次のURLに書いてあります。 http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail.php?qid=1028273415 【本文】 An epidemic occurs when a disease spreads through a population because its members have no natural immunity to it. Since people started living in cities about 10,000 years ago, our history is one of constant war between humans and diseases. Early cities had poor food and water supplies and poor sanitation systems, so diseases were common. Cholera used to kill many people in Europe but has now almost disappeared there because of improved sanitation. Cholera epidemics still cause many deaths in underdeveloped countries. In the 14th century an epidemic known as the “Black Death” killed 40 million people in Europe. It arrived in Europe on fleas living on rats that came with traders from China. Europeans caused many epidemics as they settled new parts of the world. Spanish explorers introduced smallpox into South America in the 16th century, killing off half the Aztec population. Measles, introduced into Fiji in the 19th century, killed off 40 percent of the population. A pandemic is an epidemic that occurs worldwide. An influenza pandemic at the end of the First World War caused 20 million deaths. Most experts believe that another influenza pandemic is inevitable at some time in the future. Some people feared that the outbreak of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) that arose in China in 2003 was that pandemic, but a major campaign to isolate infected people and those they had come into contact with was effective. By June 2003 the disease had been brought under control, although some cases were reported in 2004. During the SARS epidemic over 8,000 people were infected worldwide. Around 800 people died. AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It emerged in the last decades of the 20th century and has a high death rate. A lot of research has been directed toward trying to find a cure and a vaccine, but neither has yet been developed. It is estimated that AIDS will have claimed 65 million lives by 2010. Bacteria multiply rapidly. Some double their numbers every 20 minutes. Mutations cause some of the new bacteria to be different to the older ones. Some of the new bacteria may be resistant to antibiotics that are effective against the original ones. These new bacteria thrive while the antibiotic destroys the originals. So the antibiotic actually promotes the development of bacteria that are resistant to it. Hospitals throughout the world are now having problems with “superbugs”, bacteria that are resistant to different types of antibiotics. Resistance to one type of antibiotic is not a problem, since others can be used. But multi-resistance, in which bacteria develop resistance to most or all antibiotics, is increasing. One particularly nasty bacterium, MRSA, infects more than 100,000 people in the U.S. each year and has spread to other countries. It is now one of the greatest dangers to patients undergoing surgery. Doctors now accept that antibiotic resistance will always be with us. We need to develop new antibiotics faster than the bacteria can develop resistance to the older ones. Viruses also mutate, which is why we need to be vaccinated each year against new types of influenza. A frightening prospect is that some countries are developing new or modified diseases that could be used in warfare or by terrorists. Since they would be new diseases, populations would have no natural immunity to them.
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aa） they are known as （pandemic） 同意します。 bb）MRSAで意味としては正しいと考えますが、冠詞は付かないはずです。下記の記述からすると having problems with “superbugs”, bacteria that are resistant to different types of antibiotics. A （superbug） is a bacterium which is resistant to many types of antibiotics. となるはずです。 cc) Antibiotics are often used to kill bacteria and cure the diseases they cause. However, bacteria often mutate. These （bacteria） are sometimes resistant to antibiotics とbacteriaの使用頻度が高すぎるような感じがする。bacteriaで間違いとはいえませんが、下記の記述からすると Mutations cause some of the new bacteria to be different to the older ones. Some of the new bacteria may be resistant to antibiotics ”mutations” を代わりに使ったほうが文章がスンナリとする気がします。
その他の回答 (3)
- ddeana
- ベストアンサー率74% (2976/4019)
No.3の回答者様のお答を見て自分の思い込みに気が付きました。 Superbugsと複数になってはいましたが、A superbugならばひとつのバクテリアとして言えます。MRSAもまたMRSA superbugと呼ばれることがあることを思い出しネットで確認しました。なので（MRSA)という私の答えは間違いで（superbug）が正しいと考えます。fruchan様、ありがとうございました。
- ddeana
- ベストアンサー率74% (2976/4019)
>When diseases spread around the world, they are known as （isolate） ↓ （pandemic）：A pandemic is an epidemic that occurs worldwideから それ以外はOKだと思います。 リンク先の回答で（MRSA)は違うというのがありましたが、これでOKです。 質問文の中にA （） is a bacterium と具体的にひとつのバクテリアをあげよと支持されていますし、本文中に該当するバクテリアはmethicillin-resistant S aureus(MRSA)しかありません。"superbugs"は個別具体的なバクテリアの名前ではありません。 微生物学は私の専攻とも関連が深いです。バクテリアとウイルスは勉強すればするほど奥が深いですよね。がんばってください。
- ohioan4506
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When diseases spread around the world, they are known as （a pandemic）. となると思います。 新型インフルエンザが世界的に広がり、パンデミックと言う言葉がよく使われています。
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【本文】 “We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribonucleic acid （DNA). This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest.” This is how James Watson and Francis Crick announced in 1956 that they had worked out the structure of the “molecule of life”. Many scientists regard it as the most important scientific discovery of the 20th century. The DNA molecule is like a ladder that has been twisted into a spiral like a corkscrew. Four base molecules are spread along the legs of the ladder: A （adenine）, T（thymine）, C（cytosine）， and G（guanine）. The rungs of the ladder are bonds linking the four base molecules on the ladder legs. A is always linked with T and C is always linked with G. The DNA molecule reproduces itself by unwinding the two legs of the ladder. Each leg then combines with a new leg and two identical molecules are formed. This is how living organisms are able to reproduce. Each cell in our body is about one millionth of a meter in diameter, but contains about two meters of DNA. Every living organism, plant or animal, is determined by its DNA and the way the four base molecules are arranged. The arrangement of those four base molecules determines whether the organism is, for example, a plant or an animal, a mosquito, an elephant or a human being. And each individual within a species has its own DNA, which determines whether that individual has straight or curly hair, or fair or dark skin. Scientists are now using DNA to study our history. In the 19th century, anthropologists found fossil remains of what they thought were early human beings. They called them “Neanderthal man” after the valley in which their remains were first found. It was thought that they were our ancestors and that we had evolve from them. However, comparisons of Neanderthal DNA with DNA of modern humans showed that while we do have an ancestor in common, we developed from this common ancestor separately. We now know that the Neanderthal line of development split from the human one about 500,000 years ago. Neanderthals and humans are different species just as chimpanzees and humans are different species. DNA studies show that all modern humans descended from one woman who lived about 200,000 years ago. In the movie Jurassic Park, scientists bring extinct dinosaurs back to life. They use dinosaur DNA taken from preserved mosquitoes that fed on dinosaur blood. This may no longer be science fiction. The first successful extraction of DNA from an extinct animal was done in 1984. The quagga was an African animal very closely related to the zebra, with very similar DNA. The quagga used to be common in Africa, but became extinct in 1887. In 1984 scientists at The University of California extracted quagga DNA from a skin preserved in a museum. The South African Museum has set up a program to clone the quagga using zebras as host mothers. Scientists at the Australian Museum in Sydney have isolated the DNA of a Tasmanian Tiger, which became extinct in 1936, aiming to bring it back as well. The problem with bringing dinosaurs back is that they have been extinct for 65 million years. It is unlikely that any dinosaur DNA has survived. 問題のURLはこちらです。http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail.php?qid=1027265645 この問題の自分の答えがd.a.b.c.d.a.になりました。 答え合わせよろしくお願いします。
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Evolution of antibiotic tolerance and resistance in bacteria. 【バクテリアの抗生物質に対する耐性の進化】と訳しました。 tolerance と resistance はどちらも耐性という意味のようですがどのような違いがあるのでしょうか？宜しくお願いします。
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The theory about life on Mars is also supported by something in the rock which simple life forms on earth produce. There is also reason to believe that there was once a lot of water on Mars and that some of it is still there in the form of ice. We may thus be able to argue that certain kinds of bacteria may be living around the ice. NASA has looked at Mars closely by putting two vehicles on the surface of the planet. 英語の宿題をやっているのですがここだけどうしても訳せません。 分かる方いたら教えて下さい。
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