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以下の英文の訳についてアドバイスをもらえると嬉しいです。
いつもお世話になっています。以下の4点についてアドバイスいただけると嬉しいです。(1)「as was evident ～」asの訳し方、(2)was evidnt の主語が何であるのか、(3)how previous のhowの訳し方、(4)had alteredの主語が何であるか。一応訳してみたのですが、正しいのか、自信がありません。よろしくお願いします。 Changes in any of these may lead to a sibling's particpating differently, as was evident in respondents' descriptions of how previous changes in family members' residence, marital status, and health status had altered the divison of responsibility. 「これらのあらゆる変化は、きょうだい達の介護参加を異なる形へと導き、それは家族成員の住所、結婚の状況、健康状態のかつて変化がどのような者であったのかを回答者がどのように記述するかが、はっきりするにつれて、責任の領域を変化させていく。」
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(1) この場合のasは疑似関係代名詞と呼ばれていて、as can be seen from Figure 1(図1からわかるように=図1からわかることであるが)やas is often the case with himと同じ用法です。訳すときは、as以下の部分を最初に訳して主節の部分をその後に訳すとうまく訳すことができます。訳し方は、「as以下のことは～であるが」又は「as以下のことは～であるように」と訳します。例えば、今回の場合は、「in以下のことにおいて明らかであったが」又は「in以下のことにおいて明らかであったように」と訳します。 (2) respondents' descriptions of～ 「～に関する回答者の説明」 descriptionの動詞はdescribeですが、この動詞は他動詞であるため、「～について説明する」という場合は、describe about～ではなくdescribe～の形になります。このような動詞を名詞にするときには、descriptions of～のようにof用いることが多く、訳すときには「～に関する説明」と訳します。 (3) how previous changes previous changesが主語で、had alteredが動詞ですので、「これまでの変化がhad altered以下のことをいかに変えていたか」と訳します。 (4) divisionは「分割」ですので、division of responsibilityは「責任の分割」=「責任分担」と訳します。 訳例 家族の構成員の住所、結婚状況(=結婚の有無)、および健康状態のこれまでの変化が責任分担をどのように変えていたかに関する回答者の説明において明らかであったように、これらのうちのいずれが変化した場合でも、子供の参加形態は異なったものになる可能性がある(直訳は、子供は異なった形で参加することになる可能性がある)。」
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- taked4700
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(1)「as was evident ～」asの訳し方、 （前の文章で述べられた）そのような変化は顕著であった (2)was evident の主語が何であるのか、 asが、前の文章を受ける関係代名詞のような役割をしています。つまり、前の文章の意味が、主語。 (3)how previous のhowの訳し方、 how previous changes had altered... のようになっているので、「どのように」このような変化が...を変えたか、となる。 (4)had alteredの主語が何であるか。 上で述べたように、previous changes
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- 英文の訳を見て頂けませんか？実際の法廷のケースです
リサーチペーパーである記事を読んでいます。 法律に関するものはまわりくどい文章が多い為、慣れないのと不安があります。自分の理解が正しいかが分からないので、もし心よく見て頂ける方がいたらどうぞ宜しくお願いいたします。 自分なりのおおざっぱな訳をつけました。 どうぞ、教えて下さい。 Appellant also argues the trial court erred in taking into consideration the appellee's financial needs because, under Code Ann. s 30-221, the only issue before the court was whether there had been a substantial change in appellant's ability to pay the monthly alimony. 上訴者は、第一審裁判所が被上訴人の財政上の援助を必要としていることを考慮した事が過ちであることを唱えた。なぜなら法令Code Ann. s 30-221に基づいて、唯一問題とされるのは上訴人が毎月の別居手当を支払う能力に大きな変化があったかどうかだから。 However, the court in McBrayer, went on to say that ‘evidence as to increased earnings of the wife did not authorize or require a change in the amount of alimony . . . in the absence of evidence as to a change in the income or financial status of the husband.’ しかしながら、 McBrayerの法廷で夫の収入または財政状態における変化に関する証拠がないとき 妻の所得の増加に関する証拠は、許可されず又は生活手当ての変更に必要とされなかった。 Thus it is clear that unless there is evidence of a substantial change in the husband's ability to pay, evidence of the wife's income and financial status becomes immaterial. したがって、夫の支払能力における大きな変化に関する証拠がない場合、妻の収入と財政状態に関する証拠が重要でなくなるのは、明確です。 But the statute (Code Ann. s 30-220) itself provides that ‘testimony may be given and evidence introduced relative to the income and financial status of the wife.’ しかし、法令(Code ＡＮＮ s30-220)自体は、‘証言を与え（証言の機会を与え）、そして、証拠は妻の収入と財政状況を公開する’ことを前提とします。 Consequently, after appellant introduced evidence to show a substantial change in his income and financial status, the trial court correctly received and considered evidence of the wife's income and financial status. No error appears here. その結果、上訴人が自身の収入や財政状況に大きな変化があったことを証明し、第一審裁判所が正確に妻の収入と財政状態の証拠を受け取り考慮した。 （しかし）誤りは全くここに生じません。
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英文の訳が分かりません But it had also been suggested by the book that he had just taken out of the drawer. it was a peculiarly beautiful book. its smooth creamy paper, a little yellowed by age, was of a kind that had not been manufactured for at least forty years past. He could guess, however, that the book was much older than that. He had seen it lying in the window of a frowzy little junk-shop in a slummy quarter of the town ( just what quarter he did not now remember ) and had been stricken immediately by an overwhelming desire to possess it. party members were supposed not to go into ordinary shops ( ‘dealing on the free market ’, it was called), but the rule was not strictly kept, because there were various things such as shoelaces and razor blades which it was impossible to get hold of in any other way. He had given a quick glance up and down the street and then had slipped inside and bought the book for two dollars fifty. At the time he was not conscious of wanting it for any particular purpose He had carried it guiltily home in his briefcase. Even with nothing written in it, it was a com-promising possession この英文を全訳してもらえるとありがたいです。
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Despite the armistice ending the war, and the end of the revolts, Luxembourg's own future was still uncertain. Belgium was one of the countries hit hardest by the war; almost the whole of the country was occupied by Germany, and over 43,000 Belgians, including 30,000 civilians, had died as a result. Belgium sought compensation, and had its eye on any and all of its neighbours; in November 1918, Lord Hardinge, the Permanent Secretary at the Foreign Office, told the Dutch ambassador in London, "The Belgians are on the make, and they want to grab whatever they can."
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The Third Battle of Krithia (Turkish: Üçüncü Kirte Muharebesi), fought on the Gallipoli peninsula during World War I, was the last in a series of Allied attacks against the Ottoman defences aimed at achieving the original objectives of 25 April 1915. The previous failures in the first and second battles resulted in a less ambitious plan being developed for the attack, but the outcome was another costly failure for the Allies. The allied aim was, as always to facilitate the capture of Alçı Tepe (Achi Baba) which commanded most of the peninsula. By late May, the British contingent on the Cape Helles front at Gallipoli had been expanded to three division and a brigade: the 29th Division (which had made the original landing), the Royal Naval Division (now reinforced to 12 battalions), the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division and the 29th Indian Brigade. On 24 May, the commander of the 29th Division, Major General Aylmer Hunter-Weston, was promoted to lieutenant general and given command of the British VIII Corps containing all British units at Helles. Major General Beauvoir De Lisle took over command of the 29th Division. The early battles at Helles had been fought over thinly fortified ground, but by late May two lines of trenches had begun to demarcate the battlefield. The British, in readiness for a new offensive, had been advancing their front line by stealth during the night, eventually gaining half a mile in ground while incurring only slight casualties and placing themselves within striking distance of the Ottoman front line. The French contingent at Helles occupied the right (eastern side) of the line along the Dardanelles shore and astride the Kereves Spur. They were confronted by some of the strongest Ottoman defences, dominated by four redoubts. On 31 May, they managed to capture one of the redoubts but repeated attempts to take Haricot Redoubt failed making any advance on that front without overwhelming artillery support a hazardous proposition. The artillery situation at Helles, as at Anzac Cove, remained perilous. The British had only 78 guns and howitzers and were still short of ammunition. When the battleship HMS Triumph was sunk on 25 May and another battleship—HMS Majestic—sunk on 27 May, both torpedoed, the situation worsened as the naval gunfire support was reduced. Those ships that remained in support could only fire while steaming at 12 kn (14 mph; 22 km/h), which did nothing to aid their accuracy. Hunter-Weston's previous battle plans lacked subtlety or sense, and he had been unerring in his failure. For the latest attempt on Krithia, some elements of refinement had begun to appear in the plans. For one, General Sir Ian Hamilton, the commander of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, insisted that the objectives should be limited to an advance of 800 yd (730 m). This was to be made in two steps: the first step was to capture the Turkish trenches; the second was to advance a further 500 yd (460 m) and establish a new trench line. The Third Battle of Krithia 第三次クリチアの戦い
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- 以下の英文訳で困っています！！
以下の英文訳で困っています！！ どのように訳すのでしょうか？ お暇なときで構いません、よろしくお願いします。 Innovation and investment Agrodiversity can be viewed in two ways. One way is to see it as the contribution of skillful but essentially passive adaptation to local diversity in the context of changing conditions. Another is to stress innovations that impose greater control on the farming environment. Both are elements of diversity and sometimes both are present in the same general region, the same community territory, and even on the same farm. Ecological niches are carefully selected, but whereas some are used with little modification of the land surface and biota and others are managed in a uniform manner, still others are used only by the creation of substantial and enduring physical changes. These are the so-called landesque capital, investments with a life expectation well beyond the present crop or crop cycle. Landesque capital is defined by Blaikie and Brookfield (1987:9) as “any investment in land with an anticipated life beyond that of the present crop, or crop cycle. The creation of landesque capital involves substantial saving of labor and other inputs for future production.” The term was developed within agricultural economics, and I cannot recall from where I borrowed it when I first used it in 1984. In the broad field of cultural ecology it is often attributed to me, but unfortunately I cannot claim that credit. Landesque capital includes terraces, irrigation and drainage system, large mounds, and deliberate changes in the mixture of trees grown on land that has been cultivated. Landesque capital also includes soils that are so modified by their users as to be almost manufactured, as will be discussed in chapter 5. 長文で申し訳ないです・・・
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- 英文の訳と解釈を見てもらえませんか？
すみません。私の訳と解釈があってるかどうか見ていただけませんでしょうか？ リサーチペーパー用にＧＡ州の法令を読んでいます。 宜しくお願い致します。 タイトル：Ga. Code Ann., § 19-6-19. Revision of judgment for permanent alimony; effect of cohabitation of former spouse with third person; temporary modification of judgment Ａ）The judgment of a court providing permanent alimony for the support of a spouse rendered on or after July 1, 1977, shall be subject to revision upon petition filed by either former spouse showing a change in the income and financial status of either former spouse. 1977年7月1日か1977年7月1日以降に法廷の判決した配偶者に対するサポート、生活保護費は、どちらの元配偶者も収入と財政状態に変化がある場合、どちらの元配偶者も改定を申し立てる対象になるでしょう。（権利があるでしょう） A petition shall be filed and returnable under the same rules of procedure applicable to divorce proceedings. No petition may be filed by either former spouse under this subsection within a period of two years from the date of the final order on a previous petition by the same former spouse. 申し立ては 離婚手続きと同じ（手続きの）規則の下で申し立てられ、返却可能になるでしょう。 前と同じ配偶者による前上訴の最終判決日から2年以内は、このサブセクションをもとにどちらの元配偶者も申し立てをしないだろう。 After hearing both parties and the evidence, the jury, or the judge where a jury is not demanded by either party, may modify and revise the previous judgment, ＜in accordance with the changed income and financial status of either former spouse in the case of permanent alimony for the support of a former spouse,＞ or ＜＜ in accordance with the changed income and financial status of either former spouse if such a change in the income and financial status is satisfactorily proved so as to warrant the modification and revision. ＞＞ 私の訳と解釈（これは上手く訳せませんでした） ↓ 両者と証拠などを審問した後、裁判官又は陪審員（陪審員は両者によって要求はされてない）が前回の判決を改定し変更をすることがある。。。。。。 ＜生活保護費のケースにしたがって どちらの元配偶者も収入と財政状態に変化があった場合＞又は＜＜どちらの元配偶者も収入と財政状態に変化があった場合にしたがって、もしそのような変化が収入と財政状態にあり十分に証明できれば変更と改定の許可（warrant）をする。 In the hearing upon a petition filed as provided in this subsection, testimony may be given and evidence introduced relative to the income and financial status of either former spouse. この文章項目にあるような審議のヒアリングは、どちらかの元配偶者の収入と財政状態にまつわる証拠を公開し（introduced）証言をさせる機会を与えるだろう。
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The whole operation turned out to be an utter failure, as it abated the Russians' morale without providing any help to the French, and has become a shining example of the use of a widely-known WWI method of war, the human wave attack. Huge masses of people were continuously sent into the battle over and over again in the same place of the enemy front. Eventually, the attack on the German positions was brought to a halt because, as General Evert noted in his order issued on March 30, it had not led to "decisive results" and "the onset of warm weather and abundant rains" had turned much of the area into swamps.
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Comparatively, the Indian units were even more ill-equipped for modern war than the rest of troops of Britain's empire. Indian divisions had less artillery assigned to it. At the start of the war, an Indian Division had one brigade of artillery, as opposed to the three assigned to a British European division. What artillery that an Indian division did have was typically lighter, more suited for expeditions along the North-West Frontier. Its troops were deliberately kept a generation behind in infantry weaponry. During their time in France, the Indian Corps divisions had been brought up to date with the latest weaponry, including flare guns and bombs. However, when withdrawn from France, most of this equipment was left behind in France for their replacements to use. To manage the fighting of this ad-hoc unit, Aylmer had almost no staff support. His staff for the relief force, designated as Tigris Corps, consisted of one staff officer, one wounded officer, and one brigadier who had failed to finish the Quetta Staff College. In addition to this staff, his collection of brigades would be under the command of the Major-General Sir George Younghusband, GOC of the 7th (Meerut) Division, who was without his staff. Just after the new year, Aylmer's ordered his force to move upriver from Ali Gharbi.
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お礼
すごいです！！全て理解できました。ありがとうございました。division、について私はスペルまで間違っていましたね。本当にありがとうございます。