Subcutaneous Route: Slow and Effective Absorption
- The subcutaneous (SC) route is used for slow and continuous absorption of drugs, such as insulin or allergy shots.
- Topical drugs are applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes for a local effect.
- Both routes are effective in delivering medication to the desired areas.
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Subcutaneous (SC) route. There are few blood vessels in the fatty tissue just below the dermis, so absorption is slow but usually complete. Thus, this route is suitable when slow and continuous absorption is required, as with insulin or allergy shots. Topical drugs are applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes of the eye, ear, nose, or mouth. This method is employed when a local effect of the drug is desired.
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皮下（SC）径路。 真皮のすぐ下にある脂肪の多い細胞組織には血管が少ないので、吸収は遅いが通常の場合（吸収）は完全である。このため、この（＝皮下）径路は、インシュリンやアレルギー注射のようなゆっくりと継続的な吸収が必要な場合には適している。 局所への薬物は、皮膚または、目、耳、鼻、口の粘膜に直接与えられる。この方法は、薬物の局所への効果が望ましい時に用いられる。
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For a pharmaceutical agent to be effective in carrying out its selective action, the drug must be administered in an appopriate manner. Each route of drug administration has specific purposes, advantages, and disadvantages. With this method, drugs formulated in liquid or solid form are absoebed into the body from the gastrointestinal tract(GIT). This is the most commonly used route. Oral drugs are convenient --- portable, oainless, easy to take. Also, administration can be carried out by the patient him or heself. However, the onset of the drug's effect is relatively slow. In this case, the drug, usually in tablet form, is placed under the tongue. This produces a very fast onset of drug action because of the good blood supply to the area, but the duration of the drug's effect is usually short. This method can be used for patients who are unable to take drugs orally, or with younger children, elderly, or mentally disturbed patients. This route is usuful when a drug is known to cause GIT irritation. However, absorption is often incomplete and effectiveness is unpredictable.
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1,U.S. exports to china grew 20.5 percent from 2004 to2005 and are continuing to grow rapidly,with an increace of 36.5 percent during the first five months of this year,comrared to 2005. 2,the plane was making a right turn over Los Angels when it suddenly plunged nose-down from a height of 500 feet. 3,we are pleased to announce that we are taking part in the 36th hong kong international film festival running Ｍarch 21 through April5. 4,the instructor said," a participant who is continuously chatting with his or her neighbor can be extremely disruptive tovthe entire group."
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It was long thought that peptic ulcers were caused by stress or spicy foods. This common belief was eventually refuted in 1983, when Dr.Barry J. Marshall and Dr. J. Robin Warren made a startling breakthrough. In 2005, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their "discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and its role in gastriris and peptic ulcer disease." Although this bacterium was known to scientists as early as 1875, it was not initially associated with peptic ulcers because it was believed that no organism could live in the acidic environment of the stomach. The H. pylori bacterium, however, is one of the few organisms that can survive in such an environment thanks to the ammonia it secretes. The discovery that peptic ulcers are caused by the colonization of these organisms in the stomach suggested that peptic ulcers could be cured simply be getting rid of the bacteria. When an ulcer is found, the doctor performs a biopsy to determine whether the ulcer is cancerous or caused by the presence of H.pylori bacteria. If tests confirm that the ulcer is H.pylori-related, it is treated with drugs - two kinds of antibiotics - that kill the bacteria. Other drugs used to treat peptic ulcers include H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and antacids. These drugs reduce or neutralize the production of stomach acid, thereby promoting healing whatever the cause may be. H2 blockers are the pillar of the ulcer treatment. When histamine binds with H2 receptors, gastric acid secretion is stimulated. H2 blockers prevent this binding, and hence, prevent acid secretion. Proton pump inhibitors are the strongest of the drugs that suppress acid production by halting the mechanism that pumps the acid into the stomach. Antacids raise the pH level to reduce acid damage, and sucralfate is used to protect the stomach lining. Formerly, patients with peptic ulcers underwent surgical procedures to remove the ulcers, but the discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcers disease, coupled with the development of new drugs over the past 20 yesrs, has allowed 90% of patients to be cured of H.pylori-related peptic ulcers without any surgical procedures. These drugs are always used in combination because, when used alone, they neither H. pylori nor cure the ulcers, which may lead to the recurrence of the disease. Marshall and Warren's discovery, along with these revolutionary new drugs, is making life far less painful for thousands of ulcer sufferers.
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An Automated External Defibrillator is a simple to use device that uses computer technology to help a person whose heart has stopped heating. It analyzes the heart rhythm of a victim, and then advises the user whether a shock is required. AEDs are designed to be used by common people, who require little training to operate the devices correctly. AEDs are usually limited to just delivering shocks for VF(ventricular fibrillation) and VT(ventricular tachycardia) rhythms. There are 2 types of AEDs : Fully Automated and Semi Automated. Most AEDs are semi automated. A semi automated AED automatically diagnoses heart rhythms and determines if a shock is necessary. If a shock is advised, the person using the device must then push a button to give the shock. A fully automated AED automatically diagnoses the heart rhythm and advises the user to stand back while the shock is automatically given. Also, some types of AEDs come with advanced features, such as a manual override or an ECG display. In order to make them highly visible, public access AEDs are often brightly colored, and are mounted in protective cases near the entrance of buildings. When these protective cases are opened, and the defibrillator is removed, it might make an alarm sound to alert nearby staff that it has been removed. All trained AED operators should phone for an ambulance when sending for or using an AED. Because the patient will be unconscious, this always requires an ambulance to come.
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Internal and External Nodes By definition leaf nodes have no sons. Thus, in the linked representation of binary trees, left and right pointers are needed only in nonleaf nodes. Sometimes two separate sets of nodes are used for nonleaves and leaves. Nonleaf nodes contain info, left, and right fields (often no information is associated with nonleaves, so that an info field is unnecessary) and are allocated as dynamic records or as an array of records managed using an available list. Leaf nodes do not contain a left or right field and are kept as a single info array that is allocated sequentially as needed (this assumes that leaves are never freed, which is often the case). Alternatively, they can be allocated as dynamic variables containing only an info value. This saves a great deal of space, since leaves often represent a majority of the nodes in a binary tree. Each(leaf or nonleaf) node can also contain a father field, if necessary. When this distinction is made between nonleaf and leaf nodes. nonleaves are called internal nodes and leaves are called external nodes. The terminology is also often used even when only a single type of node is defined. Of course, a son pointer within an internal node must be identified as pointing to an internal or an external node. This can be done in C in two ways. One technique is to declare two different node types and pointer types and to use a union for internal nodes, with each alternative containing one of the two pointer types. The other technique is to retain a single type of pointer and a single type of node, where the node is a union that does (if the node is an internal node) or dose not (if an external node) contain left and right pointer fields. We will see an example of this latter technique at the end of this section.
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An experimental therapy that fed children with peanut allergies small amounts of peanut flour has helped more than 80 per cent of them safely eat a handful of the previously worrisome nuts. Although experts say the results of the carefully monitored study are encouraging, they warn it isn't something that parents should try at home. Peanut allergies are on the rise globally and affect about 1 in 50 children, mostly in high-income countries. The consequences can be life-threatening -- peanuts are the most common cause of fatal food allergy reactions. There is no way to avoid a reaction other than just avoiding peanuts. Allergy shots used for environmental triggers like pollen are too risky. Doctors at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge started by giving 99 children aged seven to 16 with severe peanut allergies a tiny 2-milligram dose of a special peanut flour mixed into their food. Slowly they increased that amount to 800 milligrams. The dose increases were given at a research facility where the children were observed for any dangerous side effects -- the most frequent were itchiness in the mouth, stomach pains or nausea. After six months of treatment, more than 80 per cent of the children can now safely eat five peanuts at a time. "This made a dramatic difference to their lives," said Dr. Andrew Clark of the University of Cambridge in Britain, who led the research. "Before the study, they could not even tolerate tiny bits of peanuts and their parents had to read food labels continuously." The intention of the treatment isn't to help kids eat large amounts of peanuts, but to prevent a life-threatening allergic reaction in case they accidentally eat trace amounts. Clark said the treatment works by retraining the patients' immune systems so they can gradually build up a tolerance to peanuts, though he guessed they might need to keep taking it for several years. He and colleagues plan to offer the treatment soon in a special peanut allergy clinic as well as beginning larger studies.
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下部のExcept when~~~ からの一文がどう訳してよいか分からないので、そちっらだけでもよろしかったらお願いします。 The freezing point of normal human plasma averages -0.54℃,which corresponds to an osmolal concentration in plasma of 290 mOsm/l. This is equivalent to an osmotic pressure against pure water of 7.3 atm. The osmolality might be expected to be higher than this, because the sum of all the cation and anion equivalents in plasma is over 300.It is not this high because plasma is not an ideal solution and ionic interactions reduce the number of particles free to exert an osmotic effect. Except when there has been insufficient time after a sudden change in composition for equilibrium to occur, all fluid compartments of the body are in (or nearly in) osmotic equilibrium. The term tonicity is used to describe the osmolality of a solution relative to plasma.
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When the two metal plates are connected to a high-voltage source, the negatively charged plate, called the cathode, emits an invisible ray. The cathode ray is drawn to the positively charged plate, called the anode, where it passes through a hole and continues traveling to the other end of the tube. When the ray strikes the specially coated surface, it produces a strong fluorescence, or bright light. この英文を訳してほしいです。お願いします。
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For millennia, humans have used plants and herbs as medicines. Ginger, for example, is used to relieve nausea, vomiting and other gastrointestinal symptoms; rhubarb is good for constipation; Saint John's wort eases depression and anxiety. While cultures around the world have greatly benefited from the pharmacological ingredients in these and other herbs for treating various disorders, the Chinese have been especially successful at developing their own traditional medical practices over several thousand year. Japan adapted these practices durig the 4th or 5th century and created its own unique herbal medical diagnosis and treatment system called Kampo. Kampo is the most commonly employed form of alternative medicine in Japan. According to a recent survey, about 75% of Japanese physicians have prescribed Kampo drugs as part of their treatment. This increasing interest in Kampo comes from a simple fact: Kampo drugs have been producing promising results in patients. In Kampo treatment, physicians see a disease condition as the manifestation of "imbalances" within the body. Symptoms of various illnesses are thought to result when the body's energy, known as qi, is out of balance. Kampo physicians examine a patient's eyes, tongue, abdomen and pulse. A Kampo diagnosis takes into account different body types and the symptom patterns of each patient, so patients with the same illness are not always prescribed the same Kampo formulas. This is in contrast to Western medicine, where the same drug is used for a specific disease affecting large numbers of people. In this respect, Kampo drugs can be called trailormade drugs. Kampo drugs are carefully balanced combinations of several herbs based on formulas found in ancient Chinese literature on medicine. This makes Kampo drugs quite different from Western drugs, which usually consist of a single ingredient in standard doses, and from folk remedies, where generally only one herb is used. Combined together, the ingredients in a Kampo drug restore the balance in the affected organ or metabolic system, harmonizing the disrupted qi while counteracting any potential side effects. With these unique characteristics, Kampo can be considered a viable alternative when Western drugs do not produce the desired effect.
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Senescence, according to the dictionary, simply means the process or condition of "growing old". However, to biologists and psychologists it connotes "those manifestations in structure and function of a declining or deteriorating nature which take place during the period of life when the mortality rate of a population is accelerated". It also implies progressive and irreversible deterioration. Thus, the connotations are entirely negative. It ignores all the recovery, restoration, growth, development, and improvement of abilities that are possible as humans age. The assumption that senescence or deterioration is all there is to human aging is a negative from of ageism. On the other hand, to deny the senescence or declines in function that usually accompany aging is a positive from of ageism. Senility is defined as "the physical and mental infirmity of old age. It is not actually a medical or scientific term, but it is often used by doctors and laypeople alike to "explain" the behavior and condition of older people. Many of the reactive emotional responses of older people, such as depression, grief, and anxiety, are labeled senility and mistakenly considered to be irreversible and untreatable. This is another form of ageism. Actual brain damage from cerebral arteriosclerosis or Alzheimer's disease probably accounts for only about half of the mental disorders in old age. Only 5 to 10 percent of those over 65 have mental disorders severe enough to interfere with normal function.
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