国連世界貿易レポートの要約

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  • 国連の世界貿易レポートを読んでいるが、理解できない。
  • GVC参加度は様々な要素によって決定される。
  • 途上国はグローバルな価値連鎖に参加し、そのシェアが増加している。
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【和訳】和訳をお願いします。

国連の世界貿易レポートを読んでいるのですが、イマイチ理解できません。 大変長い文章ですが、和訳していただけませんでしょうか。 どうかよろしくお願いします。 As noted above, GVC participation – or the role that individual countries play in international production networks – is driven by many different factors, from size of the economy to industrial structure and level of industrialization, composition of exports and positioning in value chains, policy elements, and others. As a result, countries with very different characteristics may be very similar in the ranking of GVC participation (figure IV.9). The GVC participation of many countries relates substantially to GVC interactions within their respective regions. Instead of a global reach, most value chains have a distinctive regional character, as shown in figure IV.10. North and Central American value chain links are especially strong, as are intra- European Union ones. The largest extraregional bilateral GVC flows are between Germany and the United States, China and Germany, and Japan and the United States, in that order. The share of global value added trade captured by developing economies is increasing rapidly. It grew from about 20 per cent in 1990, to 30 per cent in 2000, to over 40 per cent in 2010. As a group, developing and transition economies are capturing an increasing share of the global value added trade pie (figure IV.11). As global trade grows, developed economies appear to rely increasingly on imported content for their exports, allowing developing countries to add disproportionately to their domestic value added in exports. Some of the larger emerging markets, such as India, Brazil, Argentina and Turkey, have relatively low GVC participation rates. These countries may have lower upstream participation levels, both because of the nature of their exports (natural resources and services exports tend to have less need for imported content or foreign value added) and because larger economies display a greater degree of self-sufficiency in production for exports. They may also have lower downstream participation levels because of a focus on exports of so-called final-demand goods and services, i.e. those not used as intermediates in exports to third countries. Investment and trade are inextricably intertwined. Much of trade in natural resources is driven by large cross-border investments in extractive industries by globally operating TNCs. Market-seeking foreign direct investment (FDI) by TNCs also generates trade, often shifting arm’slength trade to intra-firm trade. Efficiency-seeking FDI, through which firms seek to locate discrete parts of their production processes in low-cost locations, is particularly associated with GVCs; it increases the amount of trade taking place within the international production networks of TNCs and contributes to the “double counting” in global trade flows discussed in this report.

  • 英語
  • 回答数1
  • ありがとう数8

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  • sayshe
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回答No.1

上述した様に、GVC（グローバル・バリュー・チェーン）への参加 ― すなわち、国際的な生産ネットワークにおいて個々の国が果たす役割 ― は、経済規模、産業構造、工業化の進展程度、輸出品の構成、バリュー・チェーンにおける位置付け、政策的要素、その他、と言った多くの異なる要因が、その原動力となっています。結果的に、大変異なる特徴を持った国々が、GVCへの参加のランク付けにおいては、大変似かよった扱いになるかもしれません（図IV.９）。多くの国々のGVCへの参加は、それらの国々を含むそれぞれの地域内でのGVCの相互の影響に大いに関係します。海外進出に代わって、ほとんどのバリュー・チェーンは、図IV.１０に示されている様に、はっきりとした地域的特徴を持っています。北米と中米のバリュー・チェーンの結びつきは、特に強く、欧州連合（EU）内の結びつきに似ています。最大の地域外相互GVCの流れが、大きいものから順に、ドイツーアメリカ、中国ードイツ、日本ーアメリカ、の間に存在します。 新興経済国によって獲得されるグローバル・バリューが付加された貿易の割合が、急速に増加しています。この割合は、１９９０年の２０パーセントから、２０００年には３０パーセントに、さらに、２０１０年には、４０パーセントに増えました。グループとして、発展途上で移行期にある経済国は、グローバル・バリューが付加された貿易の総額のますます多くの割合を獲得する様になっています（図IV.１１）。世界規模の貿易が拡大するにつれて、先進経済国は、その輸出品を作るために輸入された部品等にますます頼るようになり、発展途上国が、輸出品に付加される彼らの国内的価値を不釣り合いなほどに増加させることを許すことになるように思われます。 インド、ブラジル、アルゼンチン、トルコと言った、規模のより大きい新興市場の中には、GVCへの参加率が比較的低い市場もあります。これらの国々は、バリュー・チェーン上流への参加率が低いかもしれません、理由は、彼らの輸出品の性質（天然資源やサービスの輸出は、輸入品や外国の付加価値に対する需要をそれほど持たない傾向があります。）によるため、そして、比較的大きい経済国は、輸出品の生産においてより大きな自給自足率を示すためです。これらの国々は、また、バリュー・チェーン下流への参加率も低いかもしれません、なぜならば、いわゆる最終需要製品やサービス、すなわち、第３国への輸出品の中間物としては用いられない製品の輸出に焦点が当てられているからです。 投資と貿易は、切り離せないほどに絡み合っています。天然資源の貿易の多くは、国際的に業務を展開するTNC（＝ transnational corporation 多国籍企業）による採取産業（＝ 原油・天然ガス、鉱物資源の採掘産業）への大規模な国境を越えた投資によって推進されます。多国籍企業による市場追求型の対外直接投資（FDI）も、貿易を生み出し、しばしば、対等独立当事者間貿易を企業内貿易に変えます。企業が、その生産プロセスの別々の部分を低コストの地域に置く、効率を追求する海外直接投資は、特に、GVC（グローバル・バリュー。チェーン）に関連しています；これは、多国籍企業の国際的な生産ネットワーク内で行われる貿易量を増加させ、このレポートで論じられる国際貿易の流れにおける「ダブル・カウンティング（重複勘定）」の一因となっています。 <参考> * OECD東京センター http://www.oecdtokyo.org/pub/aaa/922007051p1.html

  1. カテゴリ
  2. 学問・教育
  3. 語学
  4. 英語

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