Life in Ancient Egyptian Villages: Trash and Mud-Brick Houses
- Before modern conveniences like flush toilets and trash pickups, ancient Egyptian villages were filled with narrow streets overflowing with trash and waste.
- Mud-brick houses were the common dwellings in ancient Egypt, built with mud and straw, and easily collapsed and replaced with new structures.
- The layout of ancient Egyptian villages was haphazard, with houses and additions added wherever possible, resulting in a chaotic and jumbled cluster of dwellings.
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お願いします (1) Flush toilets and trash pickups are very modern improvements. Did you ever wonder what life in a crowded place was like before these modern conveniences when people merely threw their waste out the door? The streets were so narrow in most ancient Egyptian villages that if you stretched out your arms, your fingertips would touch the buildings on opposite sides. So it didn't take long for these alleylike roadways to accumulate unhealthy amounts of trash. Imagine the stink of rotting garbage on top of human and animal excrement in the Egyptian heat. It's no wonder that everyone who could afford it burned incense in their homes. Better to catch a spicy whiff of frankincense and myrrh than the smelly stew piled onto the packed dirt streets. (2) The ground, baked rock-hard from the sun, was as solid as any modern poured-cement foundation. Burik makers carried mud from the Nile in leather buckets to the building site where it was mixed with straw and pebbles, then poured into wooden molds. The bricks dried quickly in the hot Egyptian sun. Unlike stone tombs and temples, mud-brick houses weren't meant to survive the homeowner. The bricks crumbled over time. If a house builder wanted to build a new house on top of a house that had collapsed, he merely watered the clay rubble. The soupy mix leveled itself like pudding in a pie plate and then hardened in the sun, making the perfect foundation. (3) Houses and additions were built willy-nilly. Most towns grew with no plan at all and expanded into a jumbled cluster of dwellings. Even towns that did have plans, such as Deir el-Medina, which was located across the river from Thebes and used by the state for tomb builders and their families during the 13th century BCE, became chaotic after a while. Families added onto their houses where they could and divided the interiors to suit their personal needs.
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(1) 水洗式トイレやゴミの回収は、随分現代になってからの改善点です。 こうした現代の便利さが現れる前、人々がただ彼らのゴミを家の外に捨てていたころ、込みあった場所での生活がどの様であったか、あなたは疑問に思ったことがありますか？ 通りは、ほとんどの古代のエジプトの村々では、とても狭かったので、あなたが両腕を伸ばせば、あなたの指先は、両側の建物に触れたことでしょう。それで、これらの路地のような通りが、不健康な量のゴミを蓄積するのに長くはかかりませんでした。 エジプトの熱さの中で、人や動物の排泄物の上で腐敗する生ゴミの悪臭を想像してください。 お金にゆとりのある人が誰でも、彼らの家で香を焚いたことは、不思議ではありません。 溢れんばかりの不潔な通りに積み上がった悪臭を放つシチューよりも乳香やミルラ（没薬：もつやく 、香気のある樹脂; 香料・薬剤用）の香ばしい匂いをかぐ方が良かったことでしょう。 (2) 地面は、太陽の光と熱のせいで岩のように焼き固められていたので、現代のどの現場打ちのコンクリートの基礎にも負けないほど固かったです。 レンガ作りの職人たちは、ナイル川の泥を革のバケツに入れて建設現場に運びました、そこで、泥は、わらや小石と混ぜ合わされ、それから、木の型に流し込まれました。 レンガは、熱いエジプトの太陽の光の中で瞬く間に乾きました。 石の墓や神殿とは異なり、日干しレンガの家は、その家の所有者より長く持ちこたえる様にはなっていませんでした。レンガは、時間を経るにつれてボロボロと砕けました。 住宅建築業者が、崩壊した家の上に新居を建設したいと思えば、彼はただ粘土の粗石に水をかけるだけでした。 スープのような混合物は、パイ皿の中のプリンの様にそのままで水平になり、そして、日なたで堅く固まり、申し分のない土台になりました。 (3) 家やそれに付随する建物は、きちんと計画されないで建てられました。ほとんどの町が、全く無計画に発達し、雑然とした一群の住居に拡大しました。 テーベ川の川向こうに位置して、紀元前13世紀に、墓の建設労働者と彼らの家族のために国によって使用されたデイル・エル・メディナの様な、計画があった町でさえ、しばらくすると混沌状態になりました。 それぞれの家庭が、出来る場所にはさらに彼らの家を増築したり、彼らの個人的な必要に合わせて、家の内部を分割したりしたのです。
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- waxo
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Flush toilets and trash pickups / (are) / very modern improvements. / Did you ever wonder / what life in a crowded place was like / before these modern conveniences / (when) people merely threw their waste out the door? / The streets were so narrow in most ancient Egyptian villages / (that) if you stretched out your arms, / your fingertips would touch the buildings on opposite sides. / So it didn't take long for these alley like roadways to accumulate unhealthy amounts of trash. / Imagine / the stink of rotting garbage on top of human and animal excrement in the Egyptian heat. / It's no wonder / (that) / everyone who could afford it burned incense in their homes. / Better to catch a spicy whiff of frankincense and myrrh than the smelly stew piled onto the packed dirt streets. スラッシュで区切られた間をそれぞれ機械翻訳、違和感のある日本語を修正しながら、すべてつなぎ合わせればそれなりの日本語になると思いますよ。同様の方法で投稿されたすべての英文を訳せるはずです。
- 佐藤 志緒（@g4330）
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(1) 水洗トイレとごみの収集は非常に現代の改良です。 あなたは、今までに、人々がドアから彼らの浪費を単に投げたとき、混雑している場所のどんな人生がこれらの現代の利器の前に同様であったかと思いましたか? あなたの腕、あなたの指先が側の反対側でビルに触れるように、通りはあなたであれば広がっていたほとんどの古代のエジプトの村でとても狭かったです。 それで、これらのalleylike道路が不健康な量のくずを蓄積するように、時間がかかりませんでした。 人間と動物排泄物の上にエジプトの熱で腐ったゴミの悪臭を想像します。 それを都合することができた皆が、それらの家でお香するのを燃やしたのは、驚きではありません。 乳香と没薬のスパイシーな一吹きを捕らえるために、人でいっぱいの土通りに積み重ねられた臭いの悪いシチューより良いです。 (2) 地面(太陽からの一生懸命焼かれた岩石)はどんな現代の注がれたセメント基礎と同じくらい固体でした。 Burikメーカーは革のバケツの中のナイルから建設用地までそれがわらと小石に混ぜられて、次に木型に注がれたところまで泥を運びました。 レンガは熱いエジプトの日なたで急速に乾きました。 石の墓や寺と異なって、泥レンガ家はマイホーム所有者より長生きすることになっていませんでした。 レンガは時間がたつにつれて、ぼろぼろに崩れました。 家の建築業者が崩れた家の上で新築の家を建設したかったなら、彼は単に粘土瓦礫に水をまきました。 霧の濃いミックスは、パイ皿のプディングのようにそれ自体を平らにして、次に、太陽を締め込みました、完全な基礎を作って。 (3) 家と追加は否応なしに建てられました。 ほとんどの町が、全くプランなしで成長して、居住の乱雑にされたクラスタに拡大しました。 Deirの高架鉄道メディナなどの地図を持っていた町(どれが、テーベからの川の向こう側に位置して、墓の建築業者に州によって使用されましたか、そして、13世紀BCEの間の彼らの家族)さえ、しばらくして、混沌となりました。 家族は、それらがそうすることができた彼らの家に加えて、彼らの個人的ニーズに合うように内部を分割しました。
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お願いします (17) Thousands of workers descended on Amarna, intent on raising a city. Brick makers poured mud from the riverbank into wooden molds then turned the bricks out to dry in the desert heat. Stone workers cut blocks from the quarries with bronze chisels and wooden mallets. In just four years the city was in full operation with commuters riding their donkeys from the suburbs in the north and south to the center of the city. (18) The largest structure in Amarna was the royal residence, of course. Built half on one side of the road, and half on the other, the east and west wings of the palace were connected by an overpass. The overpass was called the "Window of Appearances." From there Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and their children would greet the crowds gathered on the road below. (19) The new temple at Amarna was nothing like the old gloomy houses for the gods. The open courtyard allowed the Aten's rays to shine in. The rambling open-air place of worship stretched the length of two football fields, empty except for small stands to place food offerings, one for each day of the year.
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お願いします (1) The invaders didn't swoop across Egypt like a tidal wave. At the beginning of the Second Intermediate Peiod, they trickled in―immigrants from the east settling into the delta of northern Egypt. We call the invaders the Hyksos. Soon so many Hyksos had moved into the delta that they had their own king―and that irritated the king of Egypt. This as Egyptian soil, after all. Who did that foreign king think he was ruling in Egypt? No matter how hard the Hyksos tried to blend in, they were still foreigners. It didn't matter if they worshipped Egyptian gods, wore Egyptian clothes, or ate Egyptian food. They were still foreigners. Even their Egyptian name, heqa-khasut, smacked of somewhere else. It meant "chiefs of foreign lands." (2) True, the Hyksos brought with them the hump-backed Zebu cattle that the Egyptians liked so much. And those apples sure were tasty...not to mention the olives. And oh, the sound of the lyre and the lute! Their notes echoed through the chambers of the royal palace. Then there was the vertical loom. For weaving linen it couldn't be beat. The Hyksos' potter's wheels were better, too. But why were the Hyksos hiring scribes to copy Egyptian texts? Stealing Egyptian medical practices, no doubt. And it was totally unacceptable to build Avaris, a walled fortree, and claim it as their capital. (3) Manetho, an Egyptian priest, writes that the Hyksos' king "found a city very favorably situated on the east of the...Nile, and called it Avaris. This place he rebuilt and fortified with massive walls, planting there a garrison of as many as 240,000 heavy-armed men to guard his frontier." Nowhere did the Hyksos' foreignness offend Egyptians as much as at Avaris. Why, those Hyksos dared to live in the same place that they buried their dead. Barbarians!
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お願いします (4) The king of the Hyksos was like a pebble in the Egyptian king's sandal. He irritated him just by being there, but war didn't break out until the insult. The Hyksos king sent a message to the ruler of Egypt, King Seqenenre. The Hyksos king complained that King Seqenenre's hippos in the royal pools "were keeping him awake at night with their grunts." Do something, he demanded. Given that Avaris was hundreds of miles from Thebes, where the king and his hippos lived, this was nothing short of a slap in the face. King Seqenenre was furious. Although it is unknown what happened next, the damage to King Seqenenre's skull indicates it didn't turn out well for the Egyptian side. During that time kings commanded the armies and led the soldiers into battle. Archaeologists have identified King Seqenenre's head, and it's not pretty. He took a battle axe to the forehead and was stabbed in the neck after he fell to the ground. This attack was the beginning of a war that would last nearly 25 years, from about 1574 to 1550 BCE, and span the reign of three Egyptian kings. (5) The Egyptians were farmers, not warriors. They were peaceful people. They were not conquerors by nature. And nowhere was that more obvious than in their army. It was unorganized. The soldiers served part-time and their weapons were not much more than farm tools adapted for battle. The few full-time soldiers were trained as palace guards, border police, or trade-ship escorts―not warriors. For the occasional battle outside of Egypt, the king hired foreign mercenaries because Egyptians didn't want to die away from home. An improper burial meant wandering the desert for eternity―not a pleasant haunting.
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お願いします (1) If you became sick in ancient times, Egypt was where you would want to be. It offered the best medical care. The Greek poet Homer writes in about 725 BCE in the Odyssey about Egyptian doctors, "In medical knowledge the Egyptian leaves the rest of the world behind." Egyptians began practicing medicine by applying salves to the eyes as long as 6,000 years ago, and over the millennia their skills became world renowned, so much so that rulers of other countries sent for Egyptian doctors to cure their ills. Their treatments may sound primitive to us, but no doubt 6,000 years from now our "modern medicine" will seem positively barbaric to future scientists. (2) In many ways, medicine in ancient Egypt was like medicine today. Doctors then studied for many years in medical schools called peru-ankh, or "houses of life." They studied textbooks to learn how to recognize diseases by their symptoms and hat to do to cure the patient. The Greek historian Diodorus Siculus writes, "They administer their treatments in accordance with a written law which was composed in ancient times by many famous physicians." (3) The Ebers Papyrus is one of the oldest medical documents from anywhere in the ancient world. The papyrus scroll is more than 60 feet long and is inscribed on both sides. Some of the cures don't sound too bad. For indigestion the Ebers Papyrus advises patients to "crush a hog's tooth and put it inside four sugar cakes. Eat for four days." But other cures sound pretty disgusting. For a cut, "after the scab has fallen off put on it: Scribe's excrement. Mix in fresh milk and apply as a poultice."
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お願いします (4) Artists almost never signed their work. The art was not about the artist. Artists were not innovators, they were craftsmen, and as you can tell from their Middle Kingdom titles, they were more closely related to scribes than to the "artist" types we think of today. That's not to say Egyptian artists weren't talented. Oe sculptor created two life-size sculptures of a high priest and his princess wife that were so realistic they scared off tomb robbers. The stone eyes implanted in the statues appeared to watch the thieves, and frightened them so badly that they dropped their tools and ran. (5) Perhaps what contributed to the tomb robbers' fear was the Egyptian belief that art had magic. Often you will see crocodiles, hippos, and snakes drawn with spears sticking out of them. If a crocodile suddenly came to life right next to you, you would probably appreciate the spear. And since these murals were one day going to become a reality, it's nice that the banquet scene has plates piled high with delicious food. (6) It must have been the attention to rules that led Egyptian artists to discover the "sacred ratio." The proportions in the sacred ratio repeat throughout the natural world. Plants, flowers, and trees grow in the sacred ratio. Sunflowers, pinecones, and the nautilus shell spiral according to the sacred ratio. The earth and the moon measure, and the galaxies spin―all to this sacred proportion. Egyptian artists drew the human body according to the sacred ratio, in the same way modern artists do today.
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お願いします (7) Egyptian art students learned the fundamentals of the sacred ratio by first drawing a grid that turned the work surface into a graph. They then could apply the proportions to almost anything―jewelry, hieroglyphs, pyramids, and architecture. The sacred ratio was so important to Egyptians they believed that tombs not following the proportions prevented the deceased from going to the afterlife and temples not built according to the rules would displease the gods. Pleasing mathematical proportions in art and architecture are not the only thing moderns have borrowed and built on from the ancient Egyptians. Many of our modern tales have their roots in Egyptian literature. Do you recognize parts of this story? (8) Once upon a time there was a young maiden named Rhodopis who was kidnapped by pirates and sold to a kind, old Egyptian. The old man spent his days sleeping under a tree, so he didn't know that the other servant girls in his house were mean to Rhodopis. (9) "Rhodopis, fetch the wood. Weed the garden, Rhodopis. Clean the stable. Wash the clothes. Mend my robe, Rhodopis." The chores continued from dawn to dusk. The servant girl's only friends were the animals. When she washed the clothes at the riverbank, Hippopotamus slid up the mud in incline to be near her. When she weeded the garden, Monkey climbed down the tree to sit by her side. And at the end of the day, Rhodopis sang and danced for her animal friends.
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The British had by 1916 put up an effective blockade of Germany. Germany’s northern coastline was very small and any blockade was easy to enforce. Up to 1916, the German High Seas Fleet had been commanded by Admiral von Poul. He was considered to be too passive in his approach to what the German Navy could do. In 1916, von Poul was replaced by the far more aggressive Admiral Reinhardt von Scheer. He decided that the blockade had gone too far and was causing too much damage to Germany. Scheer wanted to lure out of their respective naval bases parts of the British fleet and using a combination of submarines and surface boats attack and destroy them. On the night of the 24th and 25th of April 1916, the German Navy attacked the coastal towns of Lowestoft and Yarmouth. The idea was that the British fleet would respond to this.
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お願いします (1) Rules, rules, rules...we may think that rules and creativity don't go together, but for the Egyptians, art was all about rules. Are you painting the king? Make sure you don't draw anything in front of his face or body. That was not a trick shot the king was making with the bow flexed behind his back. The painter was just obeying the rule. When sculpting people seated, make sure that their hands rest on their knees. Always draw the important people bigger. Follow the rules. (2) Walk into any art museum anywhere in the world and you will be able to pick out the Egyptian art immediately. The rules created a style that lasted with almost no change for 3,000 years. The style is called frontalism. Egyptian artists drew the head in profile and the body straight on. By drawing figures with these angles, artists could show a large number of body parts―both arms, both legs, the nose. The Egyptians believed that the drawings could come to life and journey to the afterlife. It's nice to go to eternity with as much of your body as possible. (3) Unlike modern painters who try to give their paintings depth, Egyptian painters made everything look flat. Two artists often worked on the same painting. One artist drew the outline. During the Middle Kingdom, these artists were called "scribes of outlines." And the second artist, known as a "colorist," painted in the color as if he were working on a coloring book. Do you thing he was told to "stay within the lines"?
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お願いします A favorite story has Egypt's enemies running in a frenzied retreat from hordes of cats. Cats were loved so much that for a time it was a crime to kill one. The penalty for killing a cat―even by accident―was death. (15) The ancient Egyptian word for dog also comes from the sound it makes―iwiw. But dogs were never revered like cats. It was an insult to be called "the pharaoh's dogs," and there are no images of a dog being petted. Still, leather collars marked with their names such as Brave One, Reliable, and Good Herdsman, prove that their nwners valued them. (Except for that dog named "Useless"?)
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お願いします (1) No one in the ancient world loved their children more than the Egyptians. The Greeks, who sometimes left unwanted infants (most often girls) outdoors to die, were shocked to discover the Egyptians did not. The Greek geographer Strabo believed the fact "that they bring up all the children that are born" to be the Egyptians' most admirable quality. In Egypt, children (even girls) were considered a blessing. Pregnant women were fussed over, envied, and admired. And right behind them, the fathers stood all puffed up with their fatherhood. Egyptian men were loving fathers―and proud of it! (2) The medical document called the Berlin Papyrus, contains directions for the oldest-known pregnancy test. The test involves watering cereals with urine, and has a bonus feature of predicting the sex of the unborn child. "The woman must moisten it with urine every day.... If he barley grows it means a male child. If the wheat grows it will mean a female child. If neither grows, she will not give birth." (3) When it was time to deliver, women went to special birth houses. For the upper class, the birth house might be a luxurious room built next to the temple. For the less wealthy, the birth house might be a special room on the roof of the house where cool winds blew. Squatting with each foot on a large brick, or sitting in a special birthing chair with a hole in the seat, a woman gave birth assisted by female neighbors. The women in labor repeated prayers to Amun, "make the heart of the deliverer strong, and keep alive the one that is coming."
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