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英訳をお願いします。 自分で訳出してみたものの、文章がいったい何を伝えたいのか理解できませんでした。 For a long time Kristin and I have been interested in how films tell stories. We are fascinated by the principles that govern different storytelling traditions. For the sake of simplicity, we have called the principles norms. The term implies a standard craft competence, along with a diminution of collective decistion-making. Norms are preferred alternatives within a tradition. A norm is not single and inflexible law; （＃）it is best seen as a roughly bounded set of options. Within any cluster of norms, there are always different ways to do something. Film scholars occasionally object to the term norm. Doesn't the norm suggest that we want to celebrate the normal and consign the non- or abnormal to some sort of lower status? But we are not suggesting that. Both Kristin and i have studied and praised filmmakers who do things differently. As historians we are simply studying principles of storytelling, as they have crystallized in norms that shape certain filmmaking trends. A researcher who studies norms of height in a population isn't implying that unusually tall or short people are second-class citizens. 長い間、私とクリスティンはどのように映画が物語を伝えるのかということに興味を持っている。 私たちは異なる物語を語る様式（伝統）を支配する原則に魅了された。 簡略化のため、その原理を基準（標準）と呼びます。 共同の意思決定という側面を伴い、その表現は標準的な言語能力の手法という意味を含む。 様式（伝統）の中で、基準は代わるものを好む。 その基準は、単独で柔軟性のない規範ではない。つまり、おおまかな境界を持つ選択としてみられる。 いくつかの基準の中で、いつも何かをするために違う方法で行う。 映画学者は時々、normという表現に反対する。 normは、私たちが標準（普通）を祝いたい、低い地位へ普通ではないものを渡したいと提案していすか？そうではありません。 クリスティンと私は、異なる手法で映画制作者を勉強（研究）し、賞賛してきた。 歴史家として、私たちは物語を伝える原理を簡単に研究してきたし、彼らは映画の傾向を形作った基準を結晶化してきた。 集団の中の基準を研究している調査員は、普通でない高低がある人は２級市民であるという意味を含まないと言う。 normというのは、the principles that govern different storytelling traditionsということですか？ （＃）の部分の文法構造はどうなっているのかの説明もお願いします。
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１。 クリスティンと私は、話をする場合の決まりを「ノーム（基準）」という言葉で表す。 ノームとは、ただ一つの固定された法律ではなく、大まかに規定されるいくつかの選択肢だと見るのが一番いい。 映画屋の中には、ノームには、基準を尊重するあまり、基準に合わないものを、無基準だとか異常だとか、劣等のものと見ると、反対するものもある。しかしクリスティンと私は、そんなことを言っているのではない。 それどころか我々は歴史学者として、変わった手法を使う映画製作者を研究してきたし、その努力を高く評価するものである。我々は、映画製作の一部の傾向の基準を明確にした、話をする原則を研究しているに過ぎない。 ある人口サンプルの中でどの背丈が標準かを調査している学者は、その基準より背が高かったり低かったりする者は、落ちこぼれだ、と言っているのではない。 （要するに、映画界では問題があるようだが、私たち歴史学者は「ノーム」と言う表現を使わせてもらう、と言うことだと思います。話をする storytelling の story が、歴史の history と同語源であるのも歴史学者が「話」に興味を持つ理由かも知れませんね） ２。 normというのは、the principles that govern different storytelling traditionsということですか？ そんなところだと思いますが、bounded には下記のように「有界の」とか「有限の」と言う意味があるので、ちょっと感じが違います。 http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=bounded ３。 （＃）の部分の文法構造 （＃）it is best seen as a roughly bounded set of options. It is seen as X 「それ（norm）は X と見られる。」 X = a roughly bounded set of options 「大まかに規定されるいくつかの選択肢」 ＞ ノームとは大まかに規定されるいくつかの選択肢だと見るのが一番いい。
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For a long time Kristin and I have been interested in how films tell stories. We are fascinated by the principles that govern different storytelling traditions. For the sake of simplicity, we have called the principles norms. The term implies a standard craft competence, along with a diminution of collective decistion-making. Norms are preferred alternatives within a tradition. A norm is not single and inflexible law; （＃）it is best seen as a roughly bounded set of options. Within any cluster of norms, there are always different ways to do something. Film scholars occasionally object to the term norm. Doesn't the norm suggest that we want to celebrate the normal and consign the non- or abnormal to some sort of lower status? But we are not suggesting that. Both Kristin and i have studied and praised filmmakers who do things differently. As historians we are simply studying principles of storytelling, as they have crystallized in norms that shape certain filmmaking trends. A researcher who studies norms of height in a population isn't implying that unusually tall or short people are second-class citizens. 長い間、私とクリスティンはどのように映画が物語を伝えるのかということに興味を持っている。私たちは異なる物語を語る様式（伝統）を支配する原則に魅了された。簡略化のため、その原理を基準（標準）と呼びます。共同の意思決定という側面を伴い、その表現は標準的な言語能力の手法という意味を含む。様式（伝統）の中で、基準は代わるものを好む。その基準は、単独で柔軟性のない規範ではない。つまり、おおまかな境界を持つ選択としてみられる。いくつかの基準の中で、いつも何かをするために違う方法で行う。映画学者は時々、normという表現に反対する。normは、私たちが標準（普通）を祝いたい、低い地位へ普通ではないものを渡したいと提案していすか？そうではありません。クリスティンと私は、異なる手法で映画制作者を勉強（研究）し、賞賛してきた。歴史家として、私たちは物語を伝える原理を簡単に研究してきたし、彼らは映画の傾向を形作った基準を結晶化してきた。集団の中の基準を研究している調査員は、普通でない高低がある人は２級市民であるという意味を含まないと言う。 normというのは、the principles that govern different storytelling traditionsということですか？ （＃）の部分の文法構造はどうなっているのかの説明もお願いします。
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There are some big problems with this type of approach to studying adulthood. One of them is that it is very culturally specific━it is probably fine for describing the lives of middle-class white North Americanmen, but things may be rather different for people of different backgrounds, where the normal course ofliving takes different forms . Another is that it doesn't account for individial differences. Some people don'tleave home until much later in life;some people don't experience a lengthy period of independence but marryfrom their family home ;and some come across these transitions at very different ages. So it would be difficult to say how the model applied to them. Insight We will all experience several life- transitions , but they will be different for each of us. It is more useful to try to explore the psychological processes involved as we tackle our life-transitions,than to try to predict categorically what those life-transitions will be. If there are so many problems with this type of model, why should we bother with it at all? Well, mainly because it's a start. By identifying the kinds of things that are missing from a model like this, we can move towards developing better theories. Psychology doesn't have all the answers: it is continually changing, and trying to improve its theories and ideas. When a new area is first opened up, the initial theories are often quite liited;but they provide a useful basis for further research which can help us to develop a deeper understanding.
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訳の回答がなくてわかりません。簡単な訳でいいのでどなたかよろしくお願いします。 Stop for a moment and consider that we spend,on average,86% of our time communicating. For this reason,it is vitally important to have a full understanding of what communication is all about. This means understanding the basic principles that lead to good communication and the breakdown in communication that results when those basic principles are ignored.That is the aim of book. Communication occurs when people send and receive messages.A30-minute speech by a politician,a five-minute talk with a friend, a nod of the head or a wave of the hand are all examples of communication. We can communicate by speaking or by remaining silent. When we consider that communication plays such an extremely important part in our lives, it is perhaps surpring that our schools and colleges are unlikely to train us how to be better communicators. We learn about communication simply by doing it.大変長くてすいません。
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"We would like to start a shop - it would include expensive French fisherman's rain gear." It's only a matter of time before the UK is submerged in their epic sound waves. "We came from the ocean and we'll return there one day," Fire For Effect states. "BLUE is a way of envisioning the future together, collectively. The sea levels are rising, sea monsters have been waking up, and we are on the verge of awakening something very old from the depths of the sea, and it's probably going to be really pissed off." 長文ですが、どなたかよろしくお願いします
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Anyone who sets out to describe the role played by language in the development of our spesies is at once confronted by an apparent paradox, the Paradox of Continuity.Ifsuch aperson accepts the theory of evolution, that person must accept also that language is no more than an evolutionary adaptation - one of an unusual kind, perhaps, yet formed by the same prosesses that have formed countless other adaptations.If that is the case, when language cannot as novel as ot seems, for evolutionary adaptations do not emerge out of the blue. There are two ways in which evolution can produce novel elements:by the recombination of existing genes inthe course of of normal breeding, or by mutations that affect genes directly. Even in the second case, absolute novelties are impossible.What happens in mutation is that the instructions for producing part of a particular type of creature are altered.Instructions for producing a new part cannot simply be added to the old recipe.Specific instructions that are capable of being altered must already exist to a greater or lesser extent.What this means is that language cannot be wholelly without antecedents of some kind. But what kind of antecedents could language have?Since language is so widely regarded as a means of communication, the answer seems obvious:earlier systems of animal communication.It has long been known that many species communicate with one another.Some, like fireflies have blinking lights, others, like crickets, rub legs or wingcases together, while many exude chemical signals known as phenomenones.Of course such means are limited in their range of potential meaning and may signal nothing more complex than the presense of a potential mate.But the more sophisticated the creature, the more sophisticated themeans - from the dances of honeybees, through the posturing of sea gulls, to the sonar of dolphins - hence, the more complex the information that can be conveyed. Could not human language be just a supersophisticated variant of these? The trouble is that the difference between language and the most sophisticated systems of animal communication that we are so far aware of are qualitative rather than quantitative.All such systems have a fixed and finite number of topics on which information can be excahnged, whereas in langage the list is is open-ended, indeed infinite.all such systems have a finite and indeed strictly limited number of ways in which message components can be combined, if they can be combined at all.IN language the possibilities of combination, while governedby strict principles, are (potentially at least) infinite, limited for pactical purposes only by the finiteness of the you immediate memory store. You do not get from a finite number to infinity merely by adding numbers.And there are subtler but equally far-reaching differences between language and animalcommunication that make it impossible to regard the one as antecedent to the other. But the net result of all this is the Paradox of Continuity:language must have evolved out of some prior system, and yet there does not seems to be any such system out of which it could have evolved.
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上手く訳せないので、英訳お願いします。 These disciplines are founded on the ordinary common-sense recognition that the behavior of individuals, and what happens in the social world, is powerfully affected by the way individual people are ’collectivized’, that is, by the ways they come to be in similar circumstances of one kind or another. Everyone understands that how people are collective makes a difference to how they are likely to act and what they are likely to think, and that knowing these things helps us when we have to deal with them. これらの分野は、つまり、個人の振る舞いは、個々の人間は”集合化される”という方法により、つまり、様々な種類の環境において、人間は存在するようになるという方法により、強力に影響されるという普通で共通の認識に基づいている。 全ての人は、いかに集合化された人々が、彼らが考えそうなことや彼かがいかに行動しそうかということに対して理解し、そして、彼らを扱わなければ行けない時、これらを知っていることが私たちを助けるかということを理解している。
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To clarify the dynamics depending on k, we have reported a bifurcation diagram in Fig. 4. It shows different values of quantity for different values of k, particularly between 0.15 and 0.29. It is easily illustrated that we move from stability through a sequence of a period doubling bifurcations to chaos.
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自分の答と照らし合わせたいのでご解答お願いします。 (1)The social science disciplines such as sociology, anthropology and history have been developed to explain puzzling social phenomena. They particularly investigate "collective" phenomena, that is, aspects of people's lives that are not unique to them, ones that they share with at least some others. that is以下のto them, ones, they shareのtheyが指しているものがわかりません。 (2)Being able to give answers to questions such as "Why do these people typically or regularly do that?" or "Why did that event or kind of event happen when and where it did?" is a practical requirement of life for everyone. (3)Effective human beings must have a practical, sound grasp of the concepts needed to analyse social reality, concepts which social theory makes explicit for the social sciences. (4)The key point is that realists hold that there are many different kinds of causes at work producing social phenomena. Thus realism provides a good basis for introducing the varieties of social theory which seek to understand the causes of social phenomena.
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