What Makes Some People More Susceptible to Crimes of Interpersonal Violence?
- Being elderly and small in stature can make some people more susceptible to crimes of interpersonal violence, as criminals target those who are easy to exploit.
- A study conducted by criminal psychologists found that prison inmates consistently chose certain individuals as potential victims based on nonverbal signals, such as posture, body language, walking speed, and awareness of surroundings.
- The selection of victims was not solely based on factors like race, age, size, or gender, but rather on attributes that indicated a 'victim mentality'. By being aware of these cues, individuals can reduce their risk of becoming targets of crime.
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What makes some people more susceptible to mugging, bullying, rape and other crimes of interpersonal violence than others? Of course, being elderly and small in stature can go against us : criminals like to concentrate on people who are easy to exploit. They don’t want their “job” to be any more difficult or dangerous than it has to be, and thus look for targets who send out certain signals. What are these signals? In a famous 1984 study, two criminal psychologists, Betty Grayson and Morris Stein, asked prison inmates convicted of violent crimes to watch a video of pedestrians walking down a busy city street. The pedestrians had no idea they were being taped. The researchers then asked the convicts one at a time to identify which people on the tape would make the “best” victims. Grayson and Stein found that the inmates consistently chose the same people, and for the same reasons. And it wasn’t just old people and small women who were chosen; these were often passed over in favor of large men. In fact, race, age, size, and gender had little to do with the selections. Instead, they involved several other factors that indicated to the convicts a sort of “victim mentality”. In an article entitled “Marked for Mayhem” in the February 2009 issue, Psychology today says that criminals assess their victims on several nonverbal signals, including posture, body language, walking speed, and awareness of surroundings. “These cues are what psychologists call ‘precipitators’, personal attributes that increase a person’s likelihood of being victimized”. But the authors, Chuck Hustmyre and jay Dixit, don’t want readers to reach the wrong conclusion. “Whether victims are selected randomly or targeted because of specific characteristics, they bear no responsibility for crimes against them. But by being aware of which cues criminals look for, we reduce the risk of becoming targets ourselves.”
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どうして人によって、他の人たちよりも、強盗、いじめ、強姦、対人暴力と言うその他の犯罪の被害を受けやすいのでしょう？もちろん、年をとっていたり体格が小柄であることは、我々に不利に働きます： なぜならば、犯罪者は、つけ込みやすい人々に集中するのが好きだからです。彼らは「仕事」ができるだけ困難ではなく危険ではない事を望むのです、だから、この様に、ある種の信号を発する目標を探すのです。 これらの信号とは、何でしょう？有名な1984年の研究において、2人の犯罪心理学者、ベティ・グレーソンとモリス・スタインは、暴力犯罪で有罪判決を受けた刑務所収容者に、にぎやかな街の通りを歩いている歩行者のビデオを見るように頼みました。歩行者は、彼らが録画されていることを知りませんでした。それから、研究者は囚人にテープのどの人々が「最高の」カモになるか特定する様に一つずつ頼みました。グレーソンとスタインは、囚人が、同じ理由で、同じ人々を一貫して選ぶとわかりました。そして、選ばれたのは、高齢者や小柄な女性ばかりではありませんでした; これらの人々（高齢者や小柄な女性）は、しばしば大柄な男性の候補のために見逃されました。実際、人種、年齢、体格、性別は、選択とはほとんど無関係でした。その代わりに、彼らは、囚人に一種の「カモにしてやろうと言う心理」を示したいくつかの他の要因を持っていました。 「サイコロジー・トゥデイ」2009年2月号の『暴力の対象に選ばれて』と言うタイトルの記事は、犯人が、犠牲者に選ぶ人を、姿勢、ボディーランゲージ（動作）、歩いている速度、周囲の状況に対する注意を含むいくつかの非言語的なシグナルで評価すると述べています。【この文、An article entitled "Marked for Mayhem" in the February 2009 issue of Psychology Today says ...と書かれていないでしょうか？】「これらの合図は、心理学者が『プレシピテーター（犯罪誘発信号）』と呼んでいるもので、人が、犠牲にされる可能性を増やす個人的特質です。」しかし、著者のチャック・ハストマイアとジェイ・ディクシットは読者が間違った結論に達することを望んでいません。「犠牲者が無作為にに選ばれようと、特定の特徴のため、標的にされようと、犠牲者には彼らに対する犯罪の責任は負っていないのです。しかし、犯人がどの合図を探すか知っていることによって、我々は、我々自身が、標的になる危険を減らすことになります。」
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SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY In 1975, Dowd proposed a different way of explaining this question. Dowd proposed that retirement is actually a sort of social contract that the person makes with society.They obtain increased leisure time, and an 'honourable discharge' from the idea that all responsible members of society ought to work as hard as possible - the Protestant Work Ethic-and in return, they give up their involvement in how society's affairs are run. This social exchange is seen, according to Dowd, as a fair trade, both by society and by old people. More recently, however, people are showing sings of being less prepared to accept this type of social contract. After all, we live much longer now than we did when retirement was first introdused, and we keep our health for longer, too; so it is much more practical for people to continue to take an active part in society. Among business and professional people, it is not at all uncommon for retirement to signal the beginning of a second career, and a much more independent one that allows them to use their experience, such as working as a consultant. In other groups of society, too, people are beginning to see retirement as an opportunity to do new things. Organizations like the University of the Third Age encourage retired people to develop new hobbies and pursue new interests, and are becoming more popular and successful all the time. Many psychologists now take the view that successful retirement is all about making sure that you acquire new social roles, to replace the ones that you have lost through work, and activities of this sort are exactly the way that people do that. Insight Having responsibilities and being needed seem to be the core of successful retirement. That can take many forms: some people feel needed by their gardens, and devote much of their time to taking care of them; while others take on more social responsibilities.
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