• 締切済み

生物科学の英文です。翻訳お願いします

Transcription factors are important for the generation and fate determination of various cell types6–8. It has been hypothesized that some transcription factors may regulate the differentiation of TRCs, which are continually self-renewing even in adult animals. We conducted a genome-wide comparative survey of gene expression profiles from isolated taste buds, circumvallate epithelium and non-gustatory tongue epithelium (Supplementary Methods) and found that mRNA for Skn-1 (also known as Pou2f3), originally identified in epidermal keratinocytes9,10 as Skn-1a/i, which encodes two functionally distinct POU homeodomain proteins, Skn-1a and Skn-1i, is expressed in a subset of taste bud cells (Fig. 1a). Double fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed that Skn-1a/i mRNA was expressed in T1r3 (also known as Tas1r3)-positive sweet and umami TRCs, T2r5 (also known as Tas2r105)-positive bitter TRCs, and a small population of oval cells in the basal region of the taste buds, but not in Pkd2l1-positive sour TRCs and NTPDase2 (also known as Entpd2)-positive cells with unknown functions (Fig. 1b). A detailed analysis using specific probes for Skn-1a and Skn-1i (probes a-2 and i, respectively, in Supplementary Fig. 1a) revealed that only Skn-1a mRNA was expressed (Supplementary Fig. 1b), and the 5-kb upstream region of the mouse Skn-1a gene efficiently induced GFP expression in Skn-1a/i–positive TRCs in transgenic mice (Supplementary Fig. 1c). These results indicate that Skn-1a is the major transcript of the Skn-1 locus in sweet, umami and bitter TRCs, as well as in basal cells in the taste buds.

  • 英語
  • 回答数1
  • ありがとう数0

みんなの回答

回答No.1

転写調節因子は様々なセルtypes6?8の生成および運命決定にとって重要です。 いくつかの転写調節因子がTRC(それらは成獣でさえ絶えず自己更新する)の区別を規制するかもしれないことが仮定されました。 私たちは、分離された味蕾、城壁で囲まれた皮膜組織および非味覚の舌からの遺伝子発現像に関するゲノム規模での相対的な調査を行ないました。 皮膜組織(補足のメソッド)また味蕾セル(図1a)の部分集合の中で表皮のkeratinocytes9、10、Skn-1aおよびSkn-1iの中でSkn-1a/i(それは2つの機能的に別個のPOUホメオドメイン・タンパク質をコード化する)であるともとは確認されたSkn-1(さらにPou2f3として知られている)のためのmRNAが表現されると調べました。 ダブルの蛍光イン・シトゥ・ハイブリダイゼーション分析は、Skn-1a/i mRNAがT1r3(さらにTas1r3として知られている)の中で表現されることを明らかにしました-肯定的、甘い、またうまみTRC、T2r5(さらにTas2r105として知られている)-肯定的な苦しいTRC、また味蕾の基礎の地域の楕円形のセルの小さな人口、しかし、ない、Pkd2l1肯定的な酸性のTRCおよびNTPDase2(さらにEntpd2として知られている)で-未知関数(図1b)を備えた陽性細胞。 特定のプローブをSkn-1aおよびSkn-1i(補足の図1aの中で、-2およびiをそれぞれ調査する)に使用する詳細解析は、Skn-1a mRNAだけが表現される(補足の図1b)ことを明らかにしました、そして効率的にGFP表現を引き起こされたマウスSkn-1a遺伝子の5kbの上流領域、遺伝子組み換えのハツカネズミ(補足の図1c)中のSkn-1a/i?positiveなTRC。 これらの結果は、Skn-1aが味蕾中の基底細胞と同様に甘味、うまみおよび苦しいTRC中のSkn-1位置の主要転写物であることを示します。 だと思います。

  1. カテゴリ
  2. 学問・教育
  3. 語学
  4. 英語

関連するQ&A

  • 以下の英文について教えてください

    The mournful truth that a man — every man-must die alone, had been thrust sharply into my mind and kept there by the frequent violent attacks of my malady I suffered at that time, every one of which threatened to be the last. （中略） Then my mother died. Her perfect health failed her suddenly, and her decline was not long. But she suffered much, and on the last occasion of my being with her at her bedside she told me that she was very tired and had no fear of death, and would be glad to go but for the thought of leaving me in such a precarious state of health and with a mind distressed. Even then she put no questions to me, but only expressed the hope that her prayers for me would be answered and that at the last we should be together again. I cannot say, as I might say in the case of any other relation or friend, that I had lost her. （中略） It came to me as a great surprise a few years ago to have my secret and most cherished feelings about my own mother expressed to me as I had never heard them expressed before by a friend who, albeit still young, has made himself a name in the world, one who had never known a mother, she having died during his infancy. ＜最後のIt came to me～の英文について＞： It came to me as a great surprise a few years ago～のasは「～として」ですか？ as I had never heard them expressed ～のasは「～のように」ですか？ （themはmy secret and most cherished feelings ？） my own mother expressed to me as I had never heard them expressed before by a friend のところの意味がよくわからないのですが、 expressedの取り方は、 my own mother expressed to me私自身の母親が私に表現した、 I had never heard them expressed私はそれらが表現されるのを決して聞いたことがない、 ですか？ she having died during his infancyここは独立分詞構文で、「彼女は彼の幼年時代に亡くなってしまったので」？ ----Far Away and Long Ago :W.H.Hudson

  • 英文の翻訳をお願いします。

    Atkinson and Shiffrin assumed that information in short-term memory represents "the conterts of consciousness,"implying that only information processed consciously can be stored in long-term memory. However, there is reasonable (if not conclusive) evidence for the existence of learning without conscious awareness of what has been learnd (this is known as implicit learning--see Chapter7). It would seem that implicit learning would be impossible within Atkinson and Shiffrin's(1968) model.

  • 英文翻訳おねがいします！

    Let's take a brief tour of a raw meat-eating region. Welcome to the polar region of Canada's Melville Peninsula. The native peoples used to be called Eskimos. This was a derogatory term given them by native peoples from the south, meaning raw meat eaters. They are the meat of caribou, seals, and walruses raw. "Meat" includes the innards, which are considered the most exquisite parts of the animals. You might remember seeing documentary films of lions going straight for the innards of their victims. Of course, in that frozen part of the world, fruits, vegetables, and grains are unobtainable. The native peoples do not suffer from scurvy, and in fact have glossy faces, thanks to their diet of raw meat. A japanese cultural anthropologist who lived among these northern people learned that because of the bland flavor of raw meat, it is possible to eat a lot of it at each meal as a staple food, in the same way Japanese eat rice. Some parts of the innards are bitter while other parts are sour, so if you chew on them as you eat the raw meat, the meat tastes "seasoned" and you never get tired of it. Horsemeat is called cherry meat or sakura-niku in Japan. It may mean that the color of the meat is as beautiful as that of cherry blossom. But it may also mean that horsemeat is a sort of fake meat, sold by con men to unsuspecting passers-by under an exotic-sounding name. Take your choise as to which is the truth. There are those who love horsemeat for its deliciously light flavor. There are few restaurants that serve authentic tartar steak made from horsemeat. Most people do not realize that horsemeat is "the real thing", and that there is no reason to discriminate against it. Where food is concerned, when all is said and done, likes and dislikes are just a matter of taste.

  • 英文翻訳をお願いします。

    The February Revolution (Russian: Февра́льская револю́ция; IPA: [fʲɪvˈralʲskəjə rʲɪvɐˈlʲutsɨjə], known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution ) was the first of two revolutions in Russia in 1917. It was centered on Petrograd (now known as St. Petersburg), then the Russian capital, on Women's Day in March (late February in the Julian calendar). The revolution was confined to the capital and its vicinity, and lasted less than a week. It involved mass demonstrations and armed clashes with police and gendarmes, the last loyal forces of the Russian monarchy. In the last days, mutinous Russian Army forces sided with the revolutionaries. The immediate result of the revolution was the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, the end of the Romanov dynasty, and the end of the Russian Empire. The Tsar was replaced by a Russian Provisional Government under Prince Georgy Lvov.

  • この英文の和訳をお願いします。

    　 　　　We evaluated <P(e, 0)> for 12 cases of e between 0 and 6: e=0.0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0. As for r_p, we considered three cases: r_p=0.005, 0.001, and 0.0002. These are representative values of radii of protoplanets at the Earth, Jupiter, and Neptune orbits regions, respectively. The numbers of collision orbits found by our orbital calculation are shown in Table 3 for representative values of e. From Table 3 we can expect the statistical errors in the evaluated collisional rate to be within 5% for the cases of e≦1.5 and within 8% for e=4 and 6; they are smaller than that of the previous studies by Nishida (1983) and by Wetherill and Cox (1985). 　　　The calculated collisional rate is summarized in terms of the enhancement factor defined by Eq. (27) and shown in Fig.11, as a function of e and r_p. From Fig.11 one can see that the collisional rate is always enhanced by the effect of solar gravity, compared with that of the two-body approximation <P(e,0)>_2B. In particular, in regions where e≦1, R(e,0) is almost independent of e, having a value as large as 3. At e≦1, R(e,0) has a notable peak beyond which the enhancement factor decreases gradually with increasing e. For large values of e, i.e., e≧4, <P(e,0)> tends rapidly to <P(e,0)>_2B. As seen in the next section, we will find a similar dependence on e even in the three-dimensional case (i≠0) as long as we are concerned with cases where i≦2. お手数ですが、よろしくお願いします。

  • 英文翻訳をお願いします。

    In the autumn of 1916, the most complex operation of the Romanian Fourth Army, under the command of General Constantin Prezan, took place in the Argeş–Neajlov sector, in what has come to be known as the Battle of Bucharest. On November 14/27, the Kosch Group (217th German infantry division, 26th Turkish infantry division and the von der Goltz cavalry division), led by Robert Kosch,vigorously advanced along the Zimnicea–Drăgănești-Vlașca–Bucharest line, while a secondary group (1st and 12th Bulgarian infantry division) advanced along the Zimnicea–Giurgiu line, occupying the latter city that evening.

  • 英文翻訳をお願いします。

    In 2007, Sheldon wrote that although German casualties from 1 June – 10 November were 217,194, a figure available in Volume III of the Sanitätsbericht (1934), Edmonds may not have included them as they did not fit his case. Sheldon recorded 182,396 slightly wounded and sick soldiers not struck off unit strength, which if included would make 399,590 German losses. The British claim to have taken 24,065 prisoners has not been disputed. In 1940, C. R. M. F. Cruttwell recorded 300,000 British casualties and 400,000 German. Wolff in 1958, gave German casualties as 270,713 and 448,688 British. In 1959, Cyril Falls estimated 240,000 British, 8,525 French and 260,000 German casualties. John Terraine followed Falls in 1963 but did not accept that German losses were as high as 400,000. A. J. P. Taylor in 1972, wrote that the Official History had performed a "conjuring trick" on these figures and that no one believed these "farcical calculations". Taylor put British wounded and killed at 300,000 and German losses at 200,000. In 1977, Terraine argued that twenty percent needed to be added to the German figures for some lightly wounded men, who would have been included under British definitions of casualties, making German casualties c. 260,400. Terraine refuted Wolff (1958), who despite writing that 448,614 British casualties was the total for the BEF in the second half of 1917, neglected to deduct 75,681 British casualties for the Battle of Cambrai given in the Official Statistics, from which he quoted or "normal wastage", averaging 35,000 per month in "quiet" periods. Prior and Wilson in 1997, gave British losses as 275,000 and German casualties just under 200,000. Hagenlücke in 1997, gave c. 217,000 German casualties. Sheffield wrote in 2002, that Holmes's guess of 260,000 casualties on both sides seemed about right. Night action of 1/2 December 1917 and Action on the Polderhoek Spur On the night of 24/25 November, two battalions of the 8th Division advanced the line to the ridge crest and a German counterattack on 30 November was a costly failure.

  • 英文の翻訳おねがいします。

    翻訳お願いします。今読んでいる英文の法律誌でどうしても訳せない部分があるので、英語の得意な方で訳していただけないでしょうか。ニュアンスが分かればいいのでよろしくお願いします。 1The　difference between the role of Congress in shaping the copyright system and the role of courts in applying the fair use defense is that Congress is constrained in its task second,whether as a rule transaction costs would stand in the way of a negotiated license. 2Only if both questions are answered affir-matively will the fair use defense apply. 3The most salient point about transaction costs as an occasion for applying the fair usedoctrine is that transaction costs are mutable, and the too liberal dispensation of fair use can slow the investment in institutions and technologies that might reduce transaction costs to manageable levels and consequently dispense with any need for the doctrine.

  • 英文の翻訳をお願いいたします。

    どなたか英文の翻訳をしていただける人が居ましたらぜひお願いいたします。 It could be argued, based on the ideas of Pierre Bourdieu, that the design industry's response to these pressures has been to create, or recapture, a sense of distinction, the set of discourses which emphasises shaping and nurturing 'natural creativity'. It has, in other words, reinvented itself as a form of art, borrowing the trappings of mystique (the tortured lone designer in pursuit of aesthetic truth), the canon (the last of great designers and a chronological design history), the language, the accepted wisdom of taste - and the gatekeepers (the critics the star designers and the teachers) who determine between them an exclusive body of knowledge. These factors have arguably led to a rejection of practice (how to 'do' design) and the critical theories (how to 'do' design) and the critical theories (how design 'works') in favour of the pursuit of design for design's sake, and a language with which to discuss it that excludes those who do not understand it or cannot or do not wish to participate. If this is true, then the end result is a source as well as a site of conflict between different parties. Not only is design in conflict with itself, but it feeds the very conflict the move towards distinction set out to counter. Design is often profoundly misunderstood by the end-user and media. While most people take their clothes to a specialist to have them dry-cleaned, get a builder in to add an extension to their home and a plumber to fix the central heating, many amateurs think they can 'do' design, because the process has been demystified and is much less exclusive, much less something that only an elite few can create and judge. It is a 'chicken-and-egg' situation: the more amateur designers encroach upon professional expertise, the more designers redefine what it is that makes the definition, the more the amateur decides to do it for himself.

  • 英文の和訳をお願いしたいのですが・・・

    Lattice type and systematic absences In indexing the powder patterns it has been assumed that all the possible reflections are observed, that is, scattering from each of the different lattice planes is sufficiently intense to contribute to the diffraction profile. This is normally so for a primitive lattice, but for body centred and face centred lattices restrictions occur on the values that h, k and I may take if the reflections are to have any intensity. This results in certain reflections not being observed in the powder diffraction pattern and these are known as systematic absences. The origin of these absences can be illustrated with regard to Fig.2.3. という文章です。できれば翻訳サイト丸々ってのは控えてほしいです。

注目のQ&A

カテゴリ

専門家に質問してみよう

職業から探して質問する

あなたにピッタリな商品が見つかる！ OKWAVEセレクト

質問する