A theory of grammar and the importance of UG in language learning
- A theory of grammar positing the role of innate principles of UG minimizes the burden of grammatical learning on children.
- Learnability is an important consideration in theories of grammar, and UG theory provides a straightforward explanation for how children rapidly acquire grammar.
- Innately endowed UG principles reduce the learning load on children and maximize the learnability of natural language grammars.
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至急和訳お願い致します！内容が難しく理解に苦しんでおります。分かる範囲
至急和訳お願い致します！内容が難しく理解に苦しんでおります。分かる範囲で結構です、よろしくお願いします。 A theory of grammar which posits that grammatical operations are constrained by innate principles of UG offers the important advantage that it minimizes the burden of grammatical learning imposed on the child (in the sense that children do not have to learn, for example, that auxiliary inversion affects the first auxiliary in a sentence, or that wh-movement likewise affects the first wh-expression ). This is an important consideration, since we saw earlier that learnability is a criterion of adequacy for any theory of grammar ? i.e. any adequate theory of grammar must be able to explain how children come to learn the grammar of their native language(s) in such a rapid and uniform fashion. The UG theory developed by Chomsky provides a straightforward account of the rapidity of the childs grammatical development , since it posits that there are a universal set of innately endowed grammatical principles which determine how grammatical operations apply in natural language grammars. Since UG principles which are innately endowed are wired into the language faculty and so do not have to be learned by the child, this minimizes the learning load placed on the child, and thereby maximises the learnability of natural language grammars
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文法の働きが、UG の内在原則によって決められるという文法理論は、子供が言葉を覚える時の負担を最小限にする（例えば、助動詞の倒置は、文の最初の助動詞に影響を与える、とか、wh 移動が同様に最初の wh 表現に影響を与える、といったことを子供が学ぶ必要が無いという意味で、大変大きな利点を有する。 既に述べたように学習の容易さが、文法理論に適性があるかどうかの判断基準であるから、これは重要な点である。すなわち、いかなる文法理論も、それが適正であることを証明するためには、子供がかくも速く、同じように母語の文法を身につけることの説明が出来なければならない。 チョムスキーが発展させたUG理論は、子供の文法発達の速さを、単刀直入に説明する。それは、自然原語の文法に、文法の働きがどのように応用されるかを決める生まれながらの文法的原則の普遍的セットがあると（UG 理論は）するからである。 生来備わった UG 理論の原則は、言語能力に組み込まれ、子供が学習する必要は無いから、子供に課せられた負担は最小限となり、その結果自然言語文法の学習可能性を最大限にする。 くそ真面目に直訳しましたが、一口に言えば「普遍文法」の理論で、幼児が素早く母語が使えるようになる説明がつく、という今では常識のようなお話です。
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和訳お願い致します！長文になりますが分かる範囲で結構です。どなたかよろしくお願い致しますm(__)m Paramaeters Thus far, we have argued that the language faculty incorporates , a set of universal principles which guide the child in acquiring a grammar. However, it clearly cannot be the case that all aspects of the grammar of language are universal; if this were so, all natural language grammars would be the same and there would be no grammatical learning involved in language acquisition (i.e. no need for children to learn anything about the grammar of sentences in the language they are acquiring ), only lexical learning(viz. learning the lexical items/words in the language and their idiosyncratic linguistic properties, e.g. whether a given item has an irregular plural or past-tense form). But although there are universal principles which determine the broad outlines of the grammar of natural languages, there also seem to be language-particular aspects of grammar which children have to learn as part of the task of acquiring their native language. Thus, language acquisition involves not only lexical learning but also some grammatical learning. Lets take a closer look at the grammatical learning involved, and what it tells us about the language acquisition process. Clearly, grammatical is not going to involve learning those aspects of grammar which are determined by universal (hence innate) grammatical operations and principles. Rather , grammatical learning will be limited to those parameters ( i.e. dimensions or aspects ) of grammar which are subject to language particular variation (and hence vary from one language to another). In other words, grammatical learning will be limited to parametrised aspects of grammar (i.e. those aspects of grammar which are subject to parametric variation from one language to another).
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- 至急和訳お願い致します！分かる範囲で結構です、よろしくお願い致します。
至急和訳お願い致します！分かる範囲で結構です、よろしくお願い致します。 (17) Locality Principle Grammatical operations are local In consequence of (17), auxiliary inversion preposes the closest auxiliary, and wh-movement preposes the closest wh-expression. It seems reasonable to suppose that (17) is a principle of Universal Grammar (rather than an idiosyncratic property of question-formation in English). In fact, the strongest possible hypothesis we could put forward is that (17) holds of all grammatical operations in all natural languages ,not just of movement operations; and indeed we shall see in later chapters that other types of grammatical operation (including agreement and case assignment ) are subject to a similar locality condition. If so, and if we assume that abstract grammatical principles which are universal are part of our biological endowment, then the natural conclusion to reach is that (17) is a principle which is biologically wired into the language faculty, and which thus froms part of our genetic make-up.
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