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Thursday last week, a van navigating the narrow streets of a hardware market in China’s Foshan, Guangdong Province, struck and ran over a 2-year-old girl. The driver paused, then drove away. A surveillance camera showed that the toddler lay grievously injured for seven minutes, ignored by at least 18 passersby, while a second vehicle, a truck, ran over the child and drove on. A 57-year-old rag collector finally came to her aid. The next day an apparently suicidal woman jumped into a lake in Hangzhou, southwest of Shanghai, and began flailing helplessly. A woman widely reported to be an American threw off her coat, swam the 20m to the drowning woman and expertly hauled her to shore. And then, seeing she was safe, the rescuer left without giving her name. Neither episode is necessarily representative: Many Chinese do help those in dire straits, and, obviously, Americans do not always come to the rescue. But thousands of microbloggers in China have used the juxtaposition of callousness and heroism to fuel a wrenching debate over whether people in their country lack compassion, and if so, why.

Said one commentator about the Hangzhou rescue: “Yesterday [US President] Obama had a beer with out-of-work construction workers. Today, I see a story about an American tourist jumping into the water to save someone. I finally realized why America is such a strong country and will continue to be one.” By Tuesday afternoon, more than 9.3 million people had posted comments on the toddler’s accident on Sina’s Weibo, the leading microblog, or Tencent Holdings’ QQ service. Far fewer commented on the Hangzhou rescue — in the scores of thousands — but those who did raised the same ethical questions. In an unscientific online survey conducted by the Web site ifeng.com, the 170,000 respondents, who voted on their own initiative, judged by a wide margin that the toddler’s case was proof that the Chinese people’s morals and mutual trust were eroding under the pressures of modern society. Yet the question of compassion in Chinese society is not a new one. In 1894, an American missionary, Arthur H. Smith, wrote an influential book, Chinese Characteristics, in which an entire chapter, Absence of Sympathy, raised some of the same questions.

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